Anatomy and Physiology XIX

Question 1

Describe the L1 dermatome.

Answer 1

At the inguinal ligament (p.431)

Question 2

Describe the L4 dermatome.

Answer 2

Includes the kneecaps (p.431)

Question 3

Describe the S2, S3, S4 dermatomes.

Answer 3

Responsible for erection and sensation of penile and anal zones (p.431)

Question 4

What is the clinical significance of the T10 dermatome in terms of referred pain?

Answer 4

Early appendicitis pain referral (p.431)

Question 5

Where is diaphragm and gallbladder pain referred?

Answer 5

To the right shoulder (p.431)

Question 6

What nerve is responsible for transmitting referred pain from the gallbladder and the diaphragm.

Answer 6

The phrenic nerve (p.431)

Question 7

What nerve root is tested by the biceps reflex?

Answer 7

C5 nerve root (C5, C6 nerves) (p.432)

Question 8

How is Werdnig-Hoffman disease contracted?

Answer 8

Congenital condition. Autosomal recessive inheritance (p.430)

Question 9

What causes Friedreich’s ataxia?

Answer 9

An autosomal trinucleutide repeat disorder (GAA) in the gene encoding frataxin causes impairment in mitochondrial functioning (p.430)

Question 10

Name seven symptoms associated with Friedrich’s ataxia.

Answer 10

Staggering gait, frequent falling, nystagmus, dysarthria, pes cavus, hammer toes, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (p.430)

Question 11

What typically is the cause of death in patients with Friedreich’s ataxia?

Answer 11

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (p.430)

Question 12

How does Friedreich’s ataxia typically present?

Answer 12

In childhood with kyphoscoliosis (p.430)

Question 13

What causes Brown-S̩quard syndrome?

Answer 13

Hemisection of the spinal cord (p.430)

Question 14

What are the ipsilateral symptoms of Brown-S̩quard syndrome?

Answer 14

UMN signs below the level of the lesion (due to corticospinal tract damage); loss of tactile, vibration, proprioception sense below the level of the lesion (due to dorsal column damage); loss of all sensation at the level of the lesion; LMN signs (flaccid paralysis) at the level of the lesion (p.430)

Question 15

What are the contralateral symptoms of Brown-S̩quard syndrome?

Answer 15

Pain and temperature loss below the level of the lesion fue to spinothalamic tract damage (p.430)

Question 16

With Brown-S̩quard syndrome, where will the patient experience total loss of all sensation?

Answer 16

On the ipsilateral side of the lesion, at the spinal level of the lesion (p.430)

Question 17

What symptoms are unique to Brown-S̩quard syndrome with a lesion above T1?

Answer 17

Horner’s syndrome due to damage of the sympathetic ganglion (p.430)

Question 18

What is Horner’s syndrome?

Answer 18

Sympathectomy of the face (p.431)

Question 19

What are the three clasic features of Horner’s syndrome?

Answer 19

Ptosis, Anhidrosis, Miosis (p.431)

Question 20

What is anhidrosis?

Answer 20

Absence of sweating; often causes flushing (p.431)

Question 21

What are three possible causes of Horner’s syndrome as caused by lesion of the spinal cord above T1?

Answer 21

Pancoast tumor, Brown-Sequard syndrome, late stage syringomyelia (p.431)

Question 22

What is the function of the pineal gland?

Answer 22

Melatonin secretion, circadian rhythms (p.433)

Question 23

What is the function of the superior colliculi?

Answer 23

Conjugate vertical gaze center (p.433)

Question 24

What is the functino of the inferior colliculi?

Answer 24

Transmits auditory information (p.433)

Question 25

What is Parinaud syndrome?

Answer 25

Paralysis of conjugate vertical gaze due to a lesion in the superior colliculi (e.g. pinealoma) (p.433)