Anatomy and Physiology XXIV

Question 1

What signs and symptoms are characteristic of a CN X lesion?

Answer 1

Uvular deviates away from the side of the lesion. Weakened side collapses and uvula points away (p.436)

Question 2

What signs and symptoms are characteristic of a CN XI lesion?

Answer 2

Weakness in turning head to contralateral side of lesion (SCM). Shoulder droop on side of lesion (trapezius) (p.436)

Question 3

What signs and symptoms are characteristic of a CN XII LMN lesion?

Answer 3

Tongue deviates towards the side of the lesion due to weakened tongue muscles on the affected side (p.436)

Question 4

Describe the general function of the SCM muscle.

Answer 4

The SCM contracts to help to turn the head to the opposite side (p.436)

Question 5

What are the rinne test results in conductive hearing loss?

Answer 5

Abnormal (BC> AC) (p.436)

Question 6

What are the rinne test results in sensorineural hearing loss?

Answer 6

Normal (AC> BC) (p.436)

Question 7

What is the pathophysiology associated with noise-induced hearing loss?

Answer 7

Damage to stereocilliated cells in the organ of Corti (p.436)

Question 8

Name three types of hearing loss.

Answer 8

Conductive, sensorineural, noise-induced (p.436)

Question 9

What type of hearing is lost first in noise-induced hearing loss?

Answer 9

Loss of high frequency hearing (p.436)

Question 10

What can cause immediate noise induced hearing loss?

Answer 10

Sudden, extremely loud noises due to tympanic membrane rupture (p.436)

Question 11

What are the weber test results in conductive hearing loss?

Answer 11

Localizes to affected ear (p.436)

Question 12

What are the weber test results in sensorineural hearing loss?

Answer 12

Localizes to unaffected ear (p.436)

Question 13

Describe the physical findings associated with a facial UMN lesion.

Answer 13

Contralateral paralysis of the lower face; forehead is spared due to bilateral UMN innervation (p.437)

Question 14

What causes a UMN facial lesion?

Answer 14

Lesion of the motor cortex or connection between the cortex and facial muscles (p.437)

Question 15

Describe the physical findings associated with a facial LMN lesion.

Answer 15

Ipsilateral paralysis of the upper and lower face (p.437)

Question 16

What causes a facial nerve palsy?

Answer 16

Complete destruction of the facial nucleus or its branchial efferent fibers (the actual facial nerve fibers). Can occur idiopathically and gradual recovery is achieved in most cases (p.437)

Question 17

What physical symptoms are associated with a facial nerve palsy?

Answer 17

Peripheral ipsilateral facial paralysis with the inability to close the eye on the involved side (p.437)

Question 18

Name seven conditions in which facial nerve palsy is a possible complication.

Answer 18

AIDS, Lyme disease, herpes simplex, herpes zoster (less commonly), sarcoidosis, tumors, diabetes (p.437)

Question 19

What is an idiopathic facial nerve palsy called?

Answer 19

Bell’s palsy (p.437)

Question 20

What are the muscles of mastication?

Answer 20

Masseter, Temporalis, Medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid (p.437)

Question 21

Which muscles are used to close the jaw?

Answer 21

Masseter, Temporalis, Medial pterygoid (p.437)

Question 22

Which muscles are used to open the jaw?

Answer 22

Lateral pterygoid (p.437)

Question 23

What nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?

Answer 23

Mandibular branch of CN V (p.437)

Question 24

What muscle lowers the jaw?

Answer 24

Lateral pterygoid (p.437)

Question 25

What is a refractive error of the eye?

Answer 25

Impaired vision that improves with glasses (p.438)