Anatomy and Physiology IX

Question 1

What area of the brain is damaged in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

Answer 1

Bilateral lesions to the mamillary bodies (p.419)

Question 2

What are the clinical manifestations of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

Answer 2

Confusion, opthalmoplegia, ataxia, memory loss (anterograde and retrograde amnesia), confabulation, personality changes (p.419)

Question 3

What causes Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

Answer 3

Thiamine (B1) deficiency and excessive EtOH use (p.419)

Question 4

How can Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome be precipitated?

Answer 4

By giving a B1 deficient patient glucose without also giving B1 (p.419)

Question 5

What symptoms are associated with lesions to the basal ganglia?

Answer 5

Resting tremor, chorea, athetosis (p.419)

Question 6

What symptoms are associated with lesions to the cerebellar hemispheres?

Answer 6

Intention tremor, limb ataxia, loss of balance (p.419)

Question 7

On what side of the body do lesions to the cerebellum produce symptoms?

Answer 7

To the ipsilateral side of injury. Patients tend to fall towards the side of the lesion (p.419)

Question 8

What symptoms are associated with lesions to the cerebellar vermis?

Answer 8

Truncal ataxia, dysarthria (p.419)

Question 9

What is the principle difference in symptoms between lesions to the cerebellar vermis vs to the cerebellar hemispheres?

Answer 9

Hemispheres causes lateral deficits (i.e. limbs); vermis affects the central body (p.419)

Question 10

What symptoms are associated with lesions to the subthalamic nucleus?

Answer 10

Contralateral hemiballismus (p.419)

Question 11

What symptoms are associated with lesions to the hippocampus?

Answer 11

Anterograde amnesia. Inability to make new memories (p.419)

Question 12

What symptoms are associated with lesions to the Paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF)?

Answer 12

Eyes look away from the side of the lesion (p.419)

Question 13

What symptoms are associated with lesions to the frontal eye fields?

Answer 13

Eyes look towards the lesion (p.419)

Question 14

What are the symptoms associated with Central pontine myelinolysis?

Answer 14

Acute paralysis, dysarthria, dysphagia, diplopia, loss of consciousness (p.419)

Question 15

What is the pathology associated with Central pontine myelinolysis?

Answer 15

Massive axonal demyelination in pontine white matter tracts (p.419)

Question 16

What causes central pontine myelinolysis?

Answer 16

Iatrogenic- caused by overly rapid correction of sodium levels in patients with hyponatremia (p.419)

Question 17

What can be seen on MRI in a patient with central pontine myelinolysis?

Answer 17

Abnormal increased signal in central pons in axial T2 weighted MRI with FLAIR (p.419)

Question 18

What are the four most common types of aphasia?

Answer 18

Broca’s, Wernicke’s, Global, Conduction (p.420)

Question 19

What is aphasia?

Answer 19

A higher order inability to speak due to a language deficit (p.420)

Question 20

What is dysarthria?

Answer 20

A motor inability to speak; a movement deficit (p.420)

Question 21

What is the difference between aphasia and dysarthria?

Answer 21

Aphasia is caused by a language deficit; dysarthria is caused by a movement deficit (p.420)

Question 22

What is Broca’s aphasia?

Answer 22

Nonfluent aphasia with intact comprehension (p.420)

Question 23

Where is Broca’s area?

Answer 23

In the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe (p.420)

Question 24

What is Wernicke’s aphasia?

Answer 24

Fluent aphasia with impaired comprehension (p.420)

Question 25

Where is Wernicke’s area?

Answer 25

In the superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe (p.420)