Anatomy and Physiology XXV

Question 1

Name five types of refractive errors of the eye.

Answer 1

Hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism, accomodation, presbyopia (p.438)

Question 2

What is hyperopia?

Answer 2

When the eye is too short for the refractive power of the cornea and lens (p.438)

Question 3

Where is light focused on the eye in a patient with hyperopia?

Answer 3

Light is focused behind the retina (p.438)

Question 4

What is myopia?

Answer 4

When the eye is too long for the refractive power of the cornea and lens (p.438)

Question 5

Where is light focused on the eye in a patient with myopia?

Answer 5

Light is focused in front of the retina (p.438)

Question 6

What is an astigmatism?

Answer 6

Abnormal curvature of the cornea resulting in different refractive powers at different axes (p.438)

Question 7

What is accomodation?

Answer 7

Focusing on near objects; occurs with convergence and miosis (p.438)

Question 8

How does the eye accommodate?

Answer 8

Tightening of the ciliary muscles –> relaxation of the zonular fibers –> lens becomes more convex (p.438)

Question 9

What is presbyopia?

Answer 9

Decreased change in focusing ability during accomodation due to sclerosis and decreased elasticity (p.438)

Question 10

What is uveitis?

Answer 10

Inflammation of the uveal coat (consists of iris, ciliary body, and choroid) (p.438)

Question 11

What composes the uveal coat?

Answer 11

Iris, ciliary body, choroid (p.438)

Question 12

What disorders are associated with uveitis?

Answer 12

Systemic inflammatory disorders such as sarcoid, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, TB, and HLA-B27 associated conditions (p.438)

Question 13

What is retinitis?

Answer 13

Retinal edema and necrosis leading to scarrin (p.438)

Question 14

What frequently causes retinitis?

Answer 14

Viral causes, esp. CMV, HSV, HZV (p.438)

Question 15

What condition is associated with retinitis?

Answer 15

Immunosuppression (p.438)

Question 16

What symptoms are associated with central retinal artery occlusion?

Answer 16

Acute, painless monocular vision loss (p.438)

Question 17

What physical exam findings are seen in central retinal artery occlusion?

Answer 17

Retina whitening with cherry red spot (p.438)

Question 18

What is the function of the Canal of Schlemm?

Answer 18

Part of the aqueous humor pathway; collects aqueous humor from the trabecular meshwork (p.438)

Question 19

What is the function of the trabecular meshwork?

Answer 19

Part of the aqueous humor pathway; collects aqueous humor that flows through the anterior chamber (p.438)

Question 20

What structure of the aqueous humor pathway produces aqueous humor?

Answer 20

The ciliary epithelium (p.438)

Question 21

How is the ciliary muscle innervated?

Answer 21

Muscarinic innervation (p.438)

Question 22

How is the ciliary epithelium innervated?

Answer 22

B sympathetic receptors (p.438)

Question 23

How is the dilator of the eye innervated?

Answer 23

A1 sympathetic receptors (p.438)

Question 24

How is the sphincter of the eye innervated?

Answer 24

M3 muscarinic innervation (p.438)

Question 25

What is glaucoma?

Answer 25

Optic neuropathy that usually is associated with increased intraoccular pressure (p.439)