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Part 1 Boards > Pathology- Fundamentals and Tumors > Flashcards

Pathology- Fundamentals and Tumors Flashcards

1
Q

This means decrease/increase in size

A

Atrophy/Hypertrophy

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2
Q

Increase in number

A

Hyperplasia

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3
Q

One cell type changes to/is replaced by a different cell type

A

Metaplasia

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4
Q

Size, shape, function change

A

Dysplasia

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5
Q

Disorganization - CANCER

A

Anaplasia

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6
Q

Defective development

A

Hypoplasia

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7
Q

Lack of development

A

Aplasia

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8
Q

Absence of growth

A

Agenesis

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9
Q

Where does this type of degeneration occur?
Coagulation & infarciton

A

Myocardial Infarction in the heart

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10
Q

Where does this type of degeneration occur?

Liquefaction

A

Brain

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11
Q

Where does this type of degeneration occur?

Caseous

A

Lungs

Tuberculosis, a single lesion is called Ghon Complex

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12
Q

Where does this type of degeneration occur?
ENZYMATIC

A

Pancreas

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13
Q

Where does this type of degeneration occur?

Fatty

A

Liver

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14
Q

Where causes this type of degeneration to occur?
Gummatous

A

Tertiary syphilis

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15
Q

Where does this type of degeneration occur?
Wallerian

A

Peripheral nerves from distal to proximal

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16
Q

What are the immunity cells in the liver?

A

KUPFFER CELLS

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17
Q

What are the immunity cells in the alveoli?

A

Alveolar macrophages

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18
Q

What are the immunity cells in the brain?

A

Microglial cells

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19
Q

What are the immunity cells in tissue?

A

Histocytes or fixed macrophages

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20
Q

What are the immunity cells in the lungs?

A

Dust Cells

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21
Q

What immunoglobulins are from Milk and membranes?

Hint- Grade A milk

A

IgA

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22
Q

What immunoglobulins are the smallest, most numerous, and transplacental?

A

IgG

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23
Q

What immunoglobulins are for allergies and parasites and are for chronic infections?

hint: allergeeeeees

A

IgE

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24
Q

What immunoglobulins are for first responses (acute) and are the largest?

A

IgM

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25
Q

What are the two types of immunity

A

Humoral
Cellular

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26
Q

This immunity is found in the spleen, tonsils, lymph, GI & bone marrow. Made up of antibodies B cells

A

Humoral immunity

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27
Q

This immunity protects body from our own defense system, bacteria, viruses & prions. Made of sensitized lymphocyte T cells from the thalamus

A

Cellular immunity

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28
Q

This hypersensitivity is Immediate (anaphylaxis)

A

Type 1

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29
Q

This hypersensitivity is Antibody Mediated (Myasthenia Gravis)

A

Type 2

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30
Q

This hypersensitivity is from the immune system (SLE, RA)

A

Type 3

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31
Q

This hypersensitivity is T-cell mediated (delayed, dermatitis)

A

Type 4

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32
Q

name the 5 types of WBCs/Leukocytes from most to least abundant

Hint- Never Let My Engine Blow

A

Neutrophil- 60%
Lymphocyte- 30%
Monocyte- 5-8%
Eosinophil- 2-4%
Basophil- 0-.5%

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33
Q

Reed Sternberg cell, relapsing fever, ivory white vertebra. What is this?

A

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

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34
Q

Inability to produce antibodies due to lack of B cells. What is this?

A

Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia

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35
Q

Bence Jones proteinuria, most common primary malignancy of the spine, cancer that forms in plasma cells. What is this?

A

Multiple Myeloma

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36
Q

RETROVIRUS attacks T4 helper cels, Kaposi’s sarcoma, Parasitic pneumonia. What is this?

A

AIDS

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37
Q

Autoimmune / most common hypothyroidism, immune system attacks thyroid gland

A

Hashimoto’s

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38
Q

Children, aggressive, abdominal mass, “starry sky” appearance, Epstein-Bar virus, can be cured with chemo

A

Burkit’s Lymphoma

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39
Q

What is present in all Leukemias?

A

Anemia

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40
Q

Acute leukemias occur in?

A

children or young adults

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41
Q

Chronic leukemias occur in?

A

Older adults (40+)

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42
Q

What are the 4 types of leukemia?

A

ALL- Acute Lymphocytic aka Acute Lymphoblastic
CLL- Chronic Lymphocytic
AML- Acute Myeloblastic aka Acute Granulocytic
CML- Chronic Myelocytic aka Chronic Granulocytic

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43
Q

leukemia that peaks 3-4 years old, similar to Burkit’s lymphoma (starry cel)

A

ALL- Acute Lymphocytic aka Acute Lymphoblastic

44
Q

All ages leukemia, peak 40-50 years old, chromosomal abnormality in PHILADELPHIA chromosome

A

CML- Chronic Myelocytic aka Chronic Granulocytic

45
Q

Leukemia Most common in young adults (peak 15-20 years old)

A

AML- Acute Myeloblastic aka Acute Granulocytic

46
Q

Leukemia that only occurs in elderly

A

CLL- Chronic Lymphocytic

47
Q

Deficiency of PROTEINS only, pot-belly, loss muscle mass, rare in US children, however, 50% elderly -nursing homes

A

Kwashiorkor immunodeficiency disease

48
Q

Deficiency of PROTEINS & CALORIES, WHO (World Health Organization) says 5 miLlion children die each year from malnutrition

A

Marasmus immunodeficiency disease

49
Q

Fluids, proteins, blood cells into interstitial tissue is called?

A

Exudate

50
Q

this fluid is mostly albumin

A

Transudate

51
Q

Increased fluid in interstitial or serous cavities

A

Edema

52
Q

Purulent exudate (mostly neutrophils)

A

Pus

53
Q

Free fluid in peritoneal cavity

A

Ascities

54
Q

Whole body is swollen

A

anasarca

55
Q

Protein mediator that activates & orchestrates inflammatory response

A

Cytokines

56
Q

Right sided heart failure is called?

A

Cor Pulmonale

57
Q

Bery aneurysm occurs where?

A

Anterior Communicating artery of the Circle of Willis

58
Q

Angnia at rest is called?

A

Prinzmetal

59
Q

Dissecting aneurysm is common with?

A

Marfan’s syndrome

60
Q

Males that smoke are predisposed to?

A

Buerger’s

61
Q

What chemical mediator increases vascular permeability?

A

Kinin

62
Q

Programmed cell death is?

A

Apoptosis

63
Q

Name the 4 most common primary bone tumors

A

Multiple Myeloma
Osteosarcoma aka Osteogneic Sarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
Ewing’s Sarcoma

64
Q

Benign tumor rule of thumb?

A

End in “oma” are encapsulated

Except- melanoma, seminoma, and multiple myeloma are malignant

65
Q

Tumor of glandular tissue

A

Adenoma

66
Q

Benign, rare, young, destroys bone

A

Chondroblastoma

67
Q

Most common BENIGN tumor of the HAND

A

Enchondroma

68
Q

Benign tumor of smooth muscle “Leo”

A

Leiomyoma

69
Q

Tumor of the cerebellum

A

Medulloblastoma

70
Q

Primary tumor of the heart

A

Myxoma

71
Q

Nocturnal pain relieved by ASPIRIN, radiolucent nidus

A

Osteoid Osteoma

72
Q

Cafe’ au lait’ spots”, coast of Maine, compresses nerves

A

Neurofibromatosis

73
Q

Adrenal medula & sympathetics tumor

A

Pheochromocytoma

74
Q

Benign tumor of skeletal muscle

A

Rhabdomyoma

75
Q

Tumor of all three germinal layers (eg. see teeth, hair in tumor) “dermoid cyst”

A

Teratoma

76
Q

aka Albers-Schonberg disease, Stone bone, “Sandwich vertebra” a “bone within a bone”

A

Osteopetrosis

77
Q

“brittle bones” & blue sclera (eye)

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

78
Q

Excess production of PTH (Rugger Jersey Spine)

A

2* Hyperparathyroidism

79
Q

Can be both cancer & benign “quasi-malignant”, epiphyseal, lytic, tendency to recur, happens in knee commonly

A

Giant Cell

80
Q

Common malignant tumor of the large intestine

A

Adenocarcinoma

81
Q

Most common malignant cancer in the pelvis

A

Chondrosarcoma

82
Q

5- 20 years old, occurs in diaphysis, primary malignancy, “ MOCE”

A

Ewing’s Sarcoma

83
Q

Malignant tumor of smooth muscle

A

Leiomyosarcoma

84
Q

Sunburst periosteal reaction, most common knee or pelvis

A

Osteosarcoma

85
Q

Malignant tumor of skeletal muscle / striated muscle

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

86
Q

Carcinoma of the ovary (female only), metastasized from GI

A

Krukenber’g Tumor

87
Q

From remnant of notochord, found in the sacrum or occiput

A

Chordoma

88
Q

Malignant tumor of astrocytes (aka astrocytoma)

Hint: blast off the astros

A

Glioblastoma

89
Q

aka PLASMA CELL cytoma - reversed A/G ratio
on electrophoresis has M-spike, lytic, diaphyseal, Bence Jones proteinuria

A

Multiple Myeloma

90
Q

aka GRAWITZ’S tumor, common, may invade renal vein, hematuria

A

Renal Adenocarcinoma

91
Q

Tumor of the testes

A

Seminoma

92
Q

Primary cause of squamous cell carcinoma is?

A

Cigarette smoking

93
Q

nephroblastoma, tumor of kidney in children, Deny’s-Drash, complex symptoms

A

Wilms tumor

94
Q

What is the periosteal response to Ewing’s?

A

Laminated/onion skin

95
Q

What is the periosteal response to sarcoma?

A

Sunburst/radiating/ Spiculated

96
Q

What is the periosteal response to Infection/fracture?

A

Parallel or solid

97
Q

What is the periosteal response to multiple myeloma?

A

None

98
Q

What are the main causes to hemodynamic disorders?

A

Elevated blood pressure & congestive heart failure

99
Q

Pulmonary congestion and Liver congestion can result in what?

A

Hyperemia
Thrombosis
Embolism
Infarct

100
Q

Prolonged bedrest, immobilization, MI, surgery, fractures, burns, cardiac failure, cancer, acute leukemia are all what? These can lead to thrombus then possible EMBOLI

A

Hypercoagulable states

101
Q

Air bubbles, surgery or trauma can lead to what type of emboli?

A

Air Embolus

102
Q

This type of emboli is subarachnoid from hypertension

A

Cerebral Emboli

103
Q

This embolus occurs after fracture of long bones

A

Fat Embolus

104
Q

The embolus affects MANY small blood vessels

A

Miliary Emboli

105
Q

blockage systemic artery by thrombus from systemic vein through defect in interatrial or interventricular septum causes this embolus

A

Paradoxical Embolus

106
Q
A

Part 1 Boards (21 decks)

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