Pathology- Cardiovascular

Question 1

What increases risks and affects all tissues in the body?

Answer 1

Smoking

Question 2

What are fatty streaks called?

Answer 2

Atheromas

Question 3

A thrombus that has broken off is called an?

Answer 3

Emboli

Question 4

What are the risk factors for cardiovascular disorders?

Answer 4

Hypertension
Increased serum lipids
smoking
Diabetes
Morbid obesity & male
Females after menopause
Older than 65
High LDLs

Question 5

FAST stands for?

Answer 5

Face
Arm
Speech
Time- within 5 hours (instructors said 2 hours)

Question 6

Fatty plaque build up in and on arterial walls

Answer 6

Atherosclerosis

Question 7

Thickening of arterial walls, loss of elasticity, and calcification

Answer 7

Arteriosclerosis

Question 8

Calcified tunica media, occurs in medium sized arteries (femoral, uterine, and radial)

Hint: a Monk wears a Medium FUR coat

Answer 8

Monckeberg arteriosclerosis

Question 9

Proliferation intima, occurs in small vessels, obliterates artery

Answer 9

Obliterans arteriosclerosis

Question 10

Arteriosclerosis of the extremities is called?

Answer 10

Peripheral arteriosclerosis

Question 11

Most common aneurysm occurs where?

Answer 11

Aorta (arch or abdominal)

Question 12

Dissecting aneurysm has a common symptom of?

Answer 12

“tearing pain”

Question 13

Longitudinal cleavage of the arterial media by a column of blood, has an acute onset. Most commonly is the abdominal aorta and 70% of patients have hypertension

Answer 13

Dissecting Aneurysm

Question 14

Where do Berry Aneurysms occur?

Answer 14

Circle of Willis (anterior communicating branches)

Question 15

What aneurysm occurs in mostly young males and is characterized by subarachnoid & intracerebral hemorrhaging?

Answer 15

Berry Aneurysms

Question 16

What artery is involved with chronic cerebral ischemia, strokes, and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)?

Answer 16

Internal Caroitd artery

Question 16

Name the artery in which the aneurysm causes cerebellar & brain stem ischemia & infacrtion

Answer 16

Vertebrobasilar

Question 17

The most common peripheral aneurysm occurs where?

Answer 17

Popliteal artery (common to be bilateral)

Question 18

This aneurysm is characterized by myocardial infarction, chronic myocardial ischemia, angina, chronic heart failure, arrhythmias, & heart block

Answer 18

Coronary

Question 19

What are the signs of Celiac & mesenteric aneurysms?

Answer 19

Intestinal ischemia & infarction (aka ischemic colitis)

Question 20

These are all signs of renal artery aneurysm

Answer 20

Renal artery stenosis
renovascular hypertension
renal ischemia & infarction

Question 21

This aneurysm will result in peripheral vascular disease, intermittent claudication, and gangrene

Answer 21

Iliofemoral aneurysm

Question 22

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms do what to the vertebral bodies and are part of what “family” in radiology?

Answer 22

Cause anterior vertebral body scalloping
Ivory White Vertebrae Family

Question 23

This etiology is unknown and occurs in patient over 40

Answer 23

Essential hypertension

Question 24

This is caused by sodium retention & increased peripheral resistance

Answer 24

Secondary Hypertension

Question 25

this is the earliest phase of hypertension

Answer 25

Benign hypertension

Question 26

This is characterized by acute ischemia to tissue vessel feeds, papilledema, retinal hemoorhages, a BP of ~200/150, fibroid necrosis o tunica media, intimal fibrosis, and narrowing of vessels

Answer 26

Malignant hypertension

Question 27

Typical symptoms of this are waking up with throbbing headaches in the occipital region and 50% of patients have a BP of 140/90

Answer 27

Hypertension

Question 28

What issues are caused by Hypertensive Heart Disease?

Answer 28

Increased work for the left ventricle causing hypertrophy and eventual FAILURE

Question 29

Hypertensive renal disease causes what?

Answer 29

Decreased GFR, loss of nephrons, eventual renal failure

Question 30

Hypertensive cerebral disease can cause what two things?

Answer 30

Thrombosis & stroke

Question 31

This can cause papilledema, retinal hemorrhaging, and fluffy exudate aka cotton wool spots

Answer 31

Hypertensive Retinal Disease

Question 32

This is congenital failure of closure between the pulmonary artery & aorta and occurs in up to 80% of premature births

Answer 32

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

Question 33

Altered structure and function of the right ventricle secondary to lung malfunction such as EMPHYSEMA, chronic bronchitis, and cystic fibrosis.

Answer 33

Cor Pilmonale

Question 34

What is the Tetralogy of Fallot Hint: DRIP, due to a birth defect affecting normal blood flow through heart

Answer 34

Dextrorotation of the aorta Right ventricular hypertrophy Intraventricular septal defect Pulmonary artery stenosis

Question 35

Rheumatic fever affects what?

Answer 35

MITRAL & aortic valve, mitral typically first

Question 36

Small cell with little color due to be heme being removed is what?

Answer 36

MICROCYTIC Hypochromic anemia

Question 37

This anemia is common of females during child bearing years

Answer 37

Iron Deficiency anemia

Question 38

Chronic Hemorrhage anemia is common with what conditions?

Answer 38

Cancer Ulcers Gastritis

Question 39

What are the signals of triphasic color change?

Answer 39

Pallor Cyanosis Rubor

Question 40

These occur due to portal hpertension

Answer 40

Esophageal varicies

Question 41

What does Helicobacter Pylori cause?

Answer 41

Stomach Ulcerations

Question 42

This will occur when Meissner's & Auerbach plexuses are damaged or altered

Answer 42

Hirschsprung's disease (unable to pass stool due through colon due to neurological complications)

Question 43

B12 and Folate deficiency leads to?

Answer 43

Macrocytic normochromic anemia

Question 44

Deep sea diving can result in this

Answer 44

Air Emboli

Question 45

Macrocytic normochromic anemia has two causes- what are they?

Answer 45

B12- Pernicious- loss of parietal cells means no intrinsic factor, can't absorb B12 for nerves and RBCs B9- Folate

Question 46

What are the 3 kinds of Cardiomyopathy?

Answer 46

Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) Hypertrophic Diastolic Disorder Restrictive Diastolic Disorder

Question 47

This is gradual cardiac failure due to hypertrophy/dilation of the heart and is caused by VIRAL MYOCARDITIS

Answer 47

Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)

Question 48

This cardiomyopathy can be congenital, due to friedreich's ataxia, glycogen storage disease, or being an infant of a diabetic mother. These cause heavy musculature hyper-contracting heart

Answer 48

Hypertrophic Diastolic Disorder

Question 49

Diastole & left ventricular filling is impeded due to amyloidosis, radiation-induced fibrosis, and is found in children

Answer 49

Restrictive diastolic disorder

Question 50

There are two kinds of infarction. One has tissue death, one does not. What are they?

Answer 50

Myocardial infarction= has tissue death due to O2 deficit Angina= no tissue death

Question 51

What are the 3 kinds of angina?

Answer 51

Typical/stable Unstable/Crescendo PRINZMETAL

Question 52

This angina occurs at rest and is a coronary artery spasm

Answer 52

PRINZMETAL

Question 53

This angina is due to activity, emotional excitement, or increased cardiac work

Answer 53

Typical/stable

Question 54

This angia is close to MI, increased frequency, and has a prolonged duration

Answer 54

Unstable/Crescendo

Question 55

Ischemic Heart Disease is better known as?

Answer 55

Myocardial infarction

Question 56

What are the two types of MI?

Answer 56

Transmural infarct Subendocardial infarct

Question 57

MI of the inner 1/3 or at most 1/2 of ventricular wall

Answer 57

Subendocardial infarct

Question 58

MI that is full or nearly full thickness of the ventricular wall

Answer 58

Transmural infarct