Chem- Minerals- Macro & Micro

Question 1

Calcium in inversely related to what?

Answer 1

Phosphorus

Question 2

Function of this mineral is muscle contraction, nerve regulation, and a component of bone

Answer 2

Calcium

Question 3

Calcium is regulated by 3 hormones, what are they and where do they occur?

Answer 3

Vitamin D- Gut to blood
Calcitonin- (from Thyroid) Blood to bone (Osteoblast)
Parathyroid hormone- Bone to Blood (Osteoclasts)

Question 4

Calcium deficiency can lead to?

Answer 4

Rickets, Osteomalacia, Osteoporosis, possible tetany

Question 5

Calcium toxicity can lead to what 3 things?

Answer 5

Decreased muscle tone
Calcium deposits in soft tissue
Renal failure

Question 6

This mineral is found in milk, green leafy veggies, canned fish with bones

Answer 6

Calcium

Question 7

How many mg of Ca+ are found in the blood?

Answer 7

9-11mg/%

Question 8

This mineral is a component of bones, ATP, & nucleic acids

Answer 8

Phosphorus

Question 9

Phosphorus is regulated by which organ?

Answer 9

Kidneys

Question 10

Phosphorus deficiency can lead to what 3 things?

Answer 10

Rickets, osteomalacia, and Renal dysfunction

Question 11

Rickets & osteomalacia are diseases caused by deficiency in either or both of what two minerals?

Answer 11

Calcium, Phosphorus

Question 12

Increased/Toxicity of Phosphorus can lead to ?

Answer 12

Bone loss (increased phosphorus means decreased calcium)

Question 13

Sodium has what main function?

Answer 13

H2O distribution (Osmosis, Action Potential, bicarb)

Question 14

Aldosterone regulates what two minerals?

Answer 14

Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)

Question 15

What is the function of Potassium?

Answer 15

Nerve & Muscle action potential (intracellular)

Question 16

Symptoms of Sodium deficency?

Answer 16

Hyponatremia, confusion, coma

Question 17

Too much sodium can cause?

Answer 17

Hypertension (extracellular)

Question 18

Potassium toxicity can cause?

Answer 18

Cardiac arrest

Question 19

Potassium deficiency is commonly caused by what? What is a symptom of it?

Answer 19

Diuretics
Sx: muscle weakness

Question 20

What is the function of Chlorine?

Answer 20

Acid-Base balance in blood
H2O balance

Question 21

What can lead to chlorine deficiency?

Answer 21

vomitting

Question 22

This mineral is a component of bones, a co-factor for kinase, and is needed for glucose breakdown

Answer 22

Magnesium

Question 23

What two macrominerals are not regulated by a hormone or organ

Answer 23

Chlorine, Magnesium

Question 24

Signs/Symptoms of magnesium deficiency are?

Answer 24

Diabetes
Hypertension
Increased blood cholesterol
spasms in blood vessels

Question 25

Magnesium is found in?

Answer 25

Most plants

Question 26

Magnesium toxicity leads to what symptoms?

Answer 26

Neuro symptoms similar to Parkinson's

Question 27

What micromineral's function is glucose transport?

Answer 27

Chromium

Question 28

What is chromium's role in metabolism?

Answer 28

Helps bind insulin to cell

Question 29

Chromium deficiency can lead to what?

Answer 29

Impaired glucose tolerance

Question 30

What micromineral is a constituent of vitamin B12

Answer 30

Cobalt

Question 31

A lack of cobalt can lead to what disease?

Answer 31

Macrocyctic (pernicious) anemia

Question 32

This micromineral is transported by albumin and assists inmelanin formation

Answer 32

Copper

Question 33

What is Copper's function? hint: part of the ETC

Answer 33

Par of chytochrome A oxidase

Question 34

Copper deficiency can lead to what syndrome?

Answer 34

Menke's Syndrome/Deterioration of the nervous system

Question 35

Iodine deficiency can arise as what in adults? In children?

Answer 35

Goiter, myxedema Cretinism

Question 36

What is the function of Iodine?

Answer 36

Part of Thyroxine

Question 37

This is stored as Thyroglobulin in the thyroid

Answer 37

Iodine

Question 38

Iron is transported as ______________ & Stored as ___________

Answer 38

Transferrin Ferritin

Question 39

Iron is found in what food?

Answer 39

Meat, liver, clams, oysters, tofu, egg yolk

Question 40

Iron deficiency can lead to what>

Answer 40

Hypochromic microcytic anemia

Question 41

Iron is part of what two heme enzymes?

Answer 41

Hemoglobin Cytochromes

Question 42

This is a cofactor for decarboxylase

Answer 42

Manganese

Question 43

What is the metabolic functions of Manganese?

Answer 43

Hemoglobin, forms urea, growth, and reproduction

Question 44

Manganese deficiency leads to poor what?

Answer 44

Ligamentous Healing

Question 45

What micromineral is synergistic with Vitamin E?

Answer 45

Selenium

Question 46

Toxicity of Selenium leads to? A deficiency leads to?

Answer 46

Hair/nail loss def- cardiomyopathy

Question 47

Selenium is a cofactor for what?

Answer 47

Glutathione peroxidase (antioxidant)

Question 48

Food source for Zinc is?

Answer 48

Pumpkin seeds

Question 49

Lack of Zinc affects what?

Answer 49

Impaired wound healing

Question 50

Zinc toxicity causes what?

Answer 50

"Metal Fume Fever" which leads to neuro damage

Question 51

What is a cofactor for carbonic anhydrase?

Answer 51

Zinc

Question 52

Increases hardness of teeth?

Answer 52

Flourine

Question 53

Excess fluorine leads to?

Answer 53

Mottled teeth

Question 54

Fluorine deficiency is a partial cause to?

Answer 54

Dental Caries