Chemistry- Carbs, Lipids (pg 13 & ``14) Flashcards by Daniel Adamietz

Kcal/g of carbs?

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What has multiple hydroxyl groups?

Ketones

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Configuration of asymmetric carbon farthest from a keto group

D & L

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-OH on the left

Levorotatory

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-OH on the right

Dextrorotatory

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Sugars qith one or two single sugars such as mono saccharide, or disaccharide

Simple carbohydrates

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Multiple or many sugar units

Complex carbohydrates

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Sugar alcohol from glucose & converted to fructose

Sorbitol

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Sorbitol is found in?

Berries, cherries, plums, & pears

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Sorbitol is used in?

To make sweeteners

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Excess sorbitol can cause?

Diarrhea

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Increasing positive charges or loss of negative charges is called? (net positive change)

Oxidation

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Addition of hydrogen, gain of electrons is called? (net negative)

Reduction

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What hormones raise blood glucose levels?

Epinephrine
Thryroxine
Glucagon
Glucocorticoids
Growth Hormone

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What hormone lower blood glucose levels?

Insulin

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What hormone affects the metabolic rate and come from the thyroid? It is also related to hypothyroidism.

Thryoxine

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The citric acid cycle is also called the what?

TCA (Tricarboxylic acid cycle)
Krebs cycle

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The Citric Acid Cycle does what to what compound?

Oxidizes Acetyl-CoA

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Excess CHO is converted to what things?

Glycogen or triglycerides (mainly glycogen)

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What are the 4 catabolic pathways?

Glycolysis
Pyruvate Oxidation
Citric acid cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

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If ATP is high and available what happens?

Catabolic pathways are slow/low

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Is ATP stores are low what happens?

Catabolic pathways are accelerated

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CHO comes in two forms. What are they?

Starch (complex)
Sugars (simple)

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Glycosidic alpha bonds are?

Digestible

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Glycosidic beta bonds are?

Indigestible

a straight chain bond is listed as?

1-4

A branched chain bond is listed as?

1-6

What are the 5 monosaccharides?

Glucose Fructose Ribose Sorbitol Mannitol

What are the two 6 carbon monosaccharides?

Glucose Fructose

What is found in Dextrose and corn syrup?

Glucose

What is fond in Fruits and Honey?

Fructose & Sorbitol

What is found in Nucleic acids?

Ribose

What is found in Pineapples, Olives, and sweet potatoes?

Mannitol

What is the only 5 carbon monosaccharide?

Ribose

Glucose + Glucose makes?

Maltose

Glucose + Galactose makes?

Lactose

Glucose + Fructose makes?

Sucrose

Maltose has a what bond?

Alpha1-4

Lactose has a what bond?

Beta 1-4

Sucrose has a what bond?

A-Beta 1-2

What oligosaccharide comes from mushrooms and yeast?

Trehalose

This is found in the fiber of plants and is not digestible

Cellulose

What has less frequent but longer branches than glycogen?

Amylopectin

Plant starch that's best source is found in potatoes?

Amylose

Plant starch that is branched, such as in pectin.

Amylopectin

Animal starch that is stored in liver and muscle

Glycogen

Chemical digestion starts where? How?

In the mouth Salivary Amylase

The stomach has no digestion of what?

Carbs

The small intestine does what?

Breaks compounds down into components

What is the function of non-cellulose polysaccharides?

Absorb water Slow emptying of food mass Bind bile acids to cholesterol

How many kcal/g are lipids?

What is the bond between glycerol & fatty acids?

Ester bond

This structure has no carbon-carbon bonds, is filled with Hydrogen, and solid at room temp.

Saturated fatty acids

Examples of this are lard, butter, coconut & palm oil

Saturated fatty acid

this structure has one carbon-carbon double bond, is liquid at room temp, can be inflammatory

Monounsaturated fatty acids

Sources of these substances are olive oil, olives, peanuts and peanut oil, canola oil, almonds, pecans, & avocados

Monounsaturated fatty acids

This structure has more than one carbon-carbon double bond, is liquid at room temp

polyunsaturated fatty acids

Sources of this substance is sunflower, corn, cottonseed and soybean oil, linoleic, alpha linolenic

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

This is the main building block of fats and must be consumed, the body can not synthesize them

Essential Fatty Acids

This essential fatty acid is an Omega-6 fatty acid

Linoleic acid

This essential fatty acid is an Omega-3 fatty acid

Linolenic acid

This becomes an essential fatty acid when Lionleic is absent form the diet

Arachidonic acid

How many carbons and how many double bonds does Arachidonic acid have?

20 C's, 4 doubles

How many carbons and how many double bonds does Linolenic acid have?

18 C's, 3 doubles

How many carbons and how many double bonds does Linoleic acid have?

18 C's, 2 doubles

How many carbons and how many double bonds does EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid) have?

20 C's, 5 doubles

Phospholipids are found where?

In all cell membranes

What makes up a phospholipid

2 Fatty acids, a glycerol, and a phosphate

This is used to make cell membranes, biles salts, and steroid hormones

Cholesterol

What does cholesterol require to be made?

ATP, Mg, & NADPH

What converts cholesterol into bile

Liver

Bile & Fat make?

Mixed Micelle

What are the 4 precursor molecules of cholesterol? hint: MASH

Mevalonate Acetyl CoA Squalene HMG CoA

What are the 4 lipoproteins?

Chylomicron (CM) Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

What are the two sources of lipoproteins?

Intestinal Mucosa (CM) & Liver (VLDL, LDL, HDL)

This lipoprotein has the lowest % of protein

VLDL

This lipoprotein transports dietary lipids to the body

This lipoprotein has the highest % of triglcyerides

This lipoprotien has the highest % of cholesterol

LDL

This lipoprotein transports endogenous lipids from liver to the body

VLDL

Which lipoprotein transports cholesterol from liver to body?

LDL

What lipoprotein removes excess "free" cholesterol from the blood?

HDL

Where does beta oxidation occur?

Mitochondria

every cut in beta oxidation makes an?

Acetyl-CoA

Beta-Oxidation requires what to transport fatty acid chains into mitochondria?

Carnitine (study guides shows a CAR "driving" the fatty acid chain

What does beta-oxidation produce?

One acetyl CoS Reduces one FAD to FADH2 Reduces one NAD to NADH

If there is an odd number of carbons in beta-oxidation what does the last cut produce?

a 3 carbon Propionyl CoA

What is the primary substrate for Lipogenesis?

Acetyl CoA

Lipogensis occurs where?

Cytoplasm

Lipogeneis produces what?

Fatty acids, 2 carbons at a time from Acetyl CoA

What is the intermediate of Lipogenesis?

Malonyl CoA

Lipogeneiss requirements are what?

Acetyl CoA, CO2 NADPH

What stimulates Lipogenesis?

ATP & Insulin

What inhibits lipogenesis?

Epinephrine Glucagon

Where does the ETC occur?

Inner mitochondria

What is the keotgenic amino acid?

Leucine

What transfers a phosphate?

Kinase

Kreb's cycle location?

Mitochondria