Passive Rules

Question 1

Basic format….

Answer 1

unstrengthened (no guṇaḥ, no vŕ̥ddhiḥ) root
+
-ya-
+
ātmanēpadam endings

Question 2

Roots ending in i and u …..

Answer 2

..lengthen to ī and ū before y

√श्रु -> श्रूयते is heard
√चि -> चीयते is piled
√स्तु -> स्तूयते is praised
√श्रि -> श्रीयते is leaned on

Question 3

Generally, roots ending in r̥ …

Answer 3

…..turn into ri

√कृ -> क्रियते is done/made
√हृ -> ह्रियते is taken

Question 4

Unless roots ending in r̥ begin with a double consonant..

Answer 4

…then they turn it into ar
√स्मृ - > स्मर्यते is remembered

Question 5

Roots ending in r̥̄…

Answer 5

…turn into īr

or when preceded by a labial consonant (p,ph,b,bh,m) into ūr

√तॄ -> तीर्यते is crossed
√पॄ -> पूर्यते is filled
√स्तॄ -> स्तीर्यते is spread

Question 6

Roots ending in a long ā or ai…

Answer 6

…tend to turn it into ī before the suffix y:

√दा - > दीयते is given
√गै -> गीयते is sung
√मा -> मीयते is measured
√पा -> पीयते is drunk
√हा -> हीयते is left

√dā - > dīyate is given
√gai -> gīyate is sung
√mā -> mīyate is measured
√pā -> pīyate is drunk
√hā -> hīyate is left

Question 7

Roots that are susceptible to samprasā́raṇam are:

Answer 7

​
√वच् -> उच्यते is said
√यज् -> इज्यते is sacrificed
√वद् -> उद्यते is spoken to
√ग्रह् -> गृह्यते is grasped
√व्यध् -> विध्यते is pierced
√यज् -> इज्यते is sacrificed
√वस् -> उष्ययते is stayed
√स्वप -> सुप्यते is slept
​
√vac -> ucyate is said
√yaj -> ijyate is sacrificed
√vad -> udyate is spoken to
√grah -> gṛhyate is grasped
√vyadh -> vidhyate is pierced
√yaj -> ijyate is sacrificed
√vas -> uṣyayate is stayed
√svap -> supyate is slept

Question 8

Irregulars…

Answer 8

√शी शय्यते lays down
√शास् शिष्यते is taught

√śī śayyate lays down
√śās śiṣyate is taught

Question 9

Vowels that are tricky are….

Answer 9

i / u => ī and ū before y. √श्रु -> श्रूयते
r̥ => ri
r̥ with a double consonant => ar
r̥̄ = > īr (or ūr)
ā / ai => ī before the suffix y

Question 10

Long version

Answer 10

i / u => ī and ū before y.
√श्रु -> श्रूयते is heard
√चि -> चीयते is piled

r̥ => ri
√कृ -> क्रियते is done/made
√हृ -> ह्रियते is taken

r̥ with a double consonant => ar
√स्मृ - > स्मर्यते is remembered

r̥̄ = > īr (or ūr)
√तॄ -> तीर्यते is crossed

ā / ai => ī before the suffix y
√dā - > dīyate is given

Irregulars…
√śī śayyate lays down
√śās śiṣyate is taught