Overview of Upper Limb Anatomy 2 Flashcards
Regions of upper limb (proximal to distal)
- Shoulder region
- Axillary region
- Arm/brachium
- Elbow joint
- Cubital fossa
- Forearm/antebrachium
- Wrist + wrist joint
- Hand
Osteological components of the pectoral girdle
- Scapular
- Clavicle
- Head of humerus
Osteological components of the arm
Humerus
Osteological components of the elbow joint
- Trochlea
- Olecranon
- Capitulum
- Epicondyles
Osteological components of the forearm
- Radius
- Ulna
Osteological components of the wrist
- Distal ulna
- Distal radius
- Carpal bones
- Flexor retinaculum
- Extensor retinaculum
Osteological components of the hand
- Carpals
- Metacarpals
- Phalanges
Articulating bony surfaces of elbow
- Distal end of humerus
- Proximal end of radius + ulna
Landmarks of the distal humerus
- Medial epicondyle
- Lateral epicondyle
- Medial epicondylar ridge
- Lateral epicondylar ridge
- Trochlea
- Capitulum
- Coronoid fossa
- Radial fossa
- Olecranon fossa
What is the medial epicondyle a site for?
Common flexor origin of forearm
What is the lateral epicondyle a site for?
Common extensor origin of the forearm
What does the trochlea articulate with?
Trochlear notch of ulna
What does the capitulum articulate with?
Rounded superior edge of radius
Which of the radius and ulna is lateral/medial?
- Lateral = radius
- Medial = ulna
What 2 processes occur at the proximal ulna (and which is which)?
- Olecranon process (posterosuperior)
- Coronoid process (anteroinferior)
Which ligament encloses the neck of the radius?
Annular ligament
Which 2 articulations form the compound elbow joint?
- Humero-ulnar joint
- Proximal radio-ulnar joint
What movements are attainable at the elbow joint?
- Flexion
- Extension
4 main ligaments of the elbow
- Medial collateral ligament
- Lateral collateral ligament
- Annular ligament
- Quadrate ligament
Where is the medial collateral ligament located and what does it do?
- Located on medial side of elbow
- Connects ulna to humerus
Where is the lateral collateral ligament located and what does it do?
- Located on lateral side of elbow
- Connects radius to humerus
What does the annular ligament do?
Holds radius tight against ulna
What does the quadrate ligament do?
Connects radius to ulna
Articulations between radius and ulna
- Proximal radio-ulnar joint
- Distal radio-ulnar joint
What type of joints are the radio-ulnar joints and what movements are they responsible for?
- Pivot joints
- Supination and pronation of forearm
What is a carrying angle at the elbow joint of more than 15° known as?
Cubitus valgus
What is a carrying angle at the elbow joint of less than 5° known as?
Cubitus varus
8 carpal bones (proximal and distal rows, both lateral to medial)
- Proximal row:
> Scaphoid
> Lunate
> Triquetrum
> Pisiform - Distal row:
> Trapezium
> Trapezoid
> Capitate
> Hamate
5 muscles of superficial flexor compartment of forearm
- Pronator teres
- Flexor carpi radialis
- Flexor digitorum superficialis
- Palmaris longus
- Flexor carpi ulnaris
3 muscles of deep flexor compartment of forearm
- Flexor digitorum profundus
- Flexor pollicis longus
- Pronator quadratus
Action of flexor retinaculum
- Forms carpal tunnel by arching over carpal bones
- Buckles down tendons from muscles of forearm
