Joints: Stability, Support and Movement

Question 1

Types of joint

Answer 1

• Fibrous
• Cartilaginous
• Synovial

Question 2

Types of fibrous joint

Answer 2

• Skull suture
• Syndesmosis
• Gomphosis

Question 3

What are the bones united by in a syndesmosis?

Answer 3

Sheet of fibrous tissue, ligament or membrane

Question 4

Types of cartilaginous joint

Answer 4

• Primary
• Secondary

Question 5

What is a primary cartilaginous joint

Answer 5

Bones united by hyaline cartilage

Question 6

What is a secondary cartilaginous joint?

Answer 6

• Articular surfaces coated with hyaline cartilage
• Bones united by strong fibrocartilage

Question 7

6 common features of a synovial joint

Answer 7

• Bone ends covered by articular cartilage
• Joint has a connective tissue capsule
• Joint cavity
• Inner surface of capsule lined by synovial membrane
• Commonly reinforced by ligaments
• Allow a wide range of movement

Question 8

Specialised features of some synovial joints

Answer 8

• Articular discs (fibrocartilage pads) as shock absorbers
• Fibrocartilage ring (labrum) to deepen joint
• Tendons passing through joint capsule

Question 9

How is the hip joint specialised?

Answer 9

• It is a deep joint
• There is a ligament inside the joint, connecting the head of the femur to acetabulum

Question 10

How is the knee joint specialised?

Answer 10

• There are shock absorbers in the knee (menisci)
  > Allows weight bearing and prevents grinding down of bone

Question 11

Ligaments of the shoulder joint

Answer 11

• Acromioclavicular ligament
• Coracoacromial ligament
• Coracoclavicular ligament

Question 12

What is the glenoid labrum?

Answer 12

Fibrocartilaginous ‘lip’ around the glenoid cavity

Question 13

What is pectoralis major innervated by?

Answer 13

Medial and lateral pectoral nerves

Question 14

What is pectoralis major attached to?

Answer 14

• Clavicle
• Sternum
• Upper ribs

Question 15

Where does the pectoralis major tendon run?

Answer 15

Intertubercular groove of humerus

Question 16

What is the deltoid innervated by?

Answer 16

Axillary nerve

Question 17

Where is the deltoid attached from and to?

Answer 17

• From clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula
• To deltoid tuberosity

Question 18

What is the trapezius innervated by?

Answer 18

Accessory nerve

Question 19

Where is the trapezius attached from and to?

Answer 19

• From vertebral column and external occipital protuberance
• To clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula

Question 20

What is the latissimus dorsi innervated by?

Answer 20

Thoracodorsal nerve

Question 21

What is latissimus dorsi attached to?

Answer 21

• Thoracolumbar fascia
• Iliac crest
• Lower 6 thoracic vertebrae
• Lower 3-4 ribs

Question 22

Where does the tendon of latissimus dorsi lie?

Answer 22

Intertubercular groove of humerus

Question 23

Rotator cuff muscles

Answer 23

• Subscapularis
• Supraspinatus
• Infraspinatus
• Teres minor

Question 24

Which nerves innervate each rotator cuff muscle?

Answer 24

• Subscapularis = upper + lower subscapular nerve
• Supraspinatus = suprascapular nerve
• Infraspinatus = suprascapular nerve
• Teres minor = axillary nerve

Question 25

Attachments of subscapularis (from and to)

Answer 25

- From subscapular fossa - To lesser tuberosity of humerus

Question 26

Attachments of supraspinatus (from and to)

Answer 26

- From supraspinous fossa - To greater tuberosity of humerus

Question 27

Attachments of infraspinatus (from and to)

Answer 27

- From infraspinous fossa - To greater tuberosity of humerus

Question 28

Attachments of teres minor (from and to)

Answer 28

- From lateral border of scapula - To greater tuberosity of humerus

Question 29

Which structure prevents superior dislocation of the shoulder?

Answer 29

Coracoid process

Question 30

Which direction does the shoulder most commonly dislocate in?

Answer 30

Inferiorly

Question 31

What are the flexors of the elbow?

Answer 31

- Biceps brachii - Brachialis

Question 32

2 heads of biceps brachii

Answer 32

- Long head - Short head

Question 33

Where does each head of biceps brachii arise from?

Answer 33

- LH = supraglenoid tubercle - SH = coracoid process

Question 34

Where does biceps brachii insert?

Answer 34

Radial tuberosity of radius

Question 35

Where does brachialis arise from?

Answer 35

Humeral shaft

Question 36

Where does brachialis insert?

Answer 36

- Tuberosity of ulna - Coronoid process

Question 37

What is the extensor of the elbow?

Answer 37

Triceps brachii

Question 38

What are the 3 heads of triceps brachii?

Answer 38

- Lateral head - Long head - Medial head

Question 39

Where do each of the 3 heads of triceps brachii arise from?

Answer 39

- Lateral = superior, lateral margin of humerus - Long = infraglenoid tubercle of scapula - Medial = posterior surface of humerus

Question 40

Where does triceps brachii insert?

Answer 40

Olecranon of ulna