Joints: Stability, Support and Movement Flashcards
Types of joint
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
Types of fibrous joint
- Skull suture
- Syndesmosis
- Gomphosis
What are the bones united by in a syndesmosis?
Sheet of fibrous tissue, ligament or membrane
Types of cartilaginous joint
- Primary
- Secondary
What is a primary cartilaginous joint
Bones united by hyaline cartilage
What is a secondary cartilaginous joint?
- Articular surfaces coated with hyaline cartilage
- Bones united by strong fibrocartilage
6 common features of a synovial joint
- Bone ends covered by articular cartilage
- Joint has a connective tissue capsule
- Joint cavity
- Inner surface of capsule lined by synovial membrane
- Commonly reinforced by ligaments
- Allow a wide range of movement
Specialised features of some synovial joints
- Articular discs (fibrocartilage pads) as shock absorbers
- Fibrocartilage ring (labrum) to deepen joint
- Tendons passing through joint capsule
How is the hip joint specialised?
- It is a deep joint
- There is a ligament inside the joint, connecting the head of the femur to acetabulum
How is the knee joint specialised?
- There are shock absorbers in the knee (menisci)
> Allows weight bearing and prevents grinding down of bone
Ligaments of the shoulder joint
- Acromioclavicular ligament
- Coracoacromial ligament
- Coracoclavicular ligament
What is the glenoid labrum?
Fibrocartilaginous ‘lip’ around the glenoid cavity
What is pectoralis major innervated by?
Medial and lateral pectoral nerves
What is pectoralis major attached to?
- Clavicle
- Sternum
- Upper ribs
Where does the pectoralis major tendon run?
Intertubercular groove of humerus
What is the deltoid innervated by?
Axillary nerve
Where is the deltoid attached from and to?
- From clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula
- To deltoid tuberosity
What is the trapezius innervated by?
Accessory nerve
Where is the trapezius attached from and to?
- From vertebral column and external occipital protuberance
- To clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula
What is the latissimus dorsi innervated by?
Thoracodorsal nerve
What is latissimus dorsi attached to?
- Thoracolumbar fascia
- Iliac crest
- Lower 6 thoracic vertebrae
- Lower 3-4 ribs
Where does the tendon of latissimus dorsi lie?
Intertubercular groove of humerus
Rotator cuff muscles
- Subscapularis
- Supraspinatus
- Infraspinatus
- Teres minor
Which nerves innervate each rotator cuff muscle?
- Subscapularis = upper + lower subscapular nerve
- Supraspinatus = suprascapular nerve
- Infraspinatus = suprascapular nerve
- Teres minor = axillary nerve
Attachments of subscapularis (from and to)
- From subscapular fossa
- To lesser tuberosity of humerus
Attachments of supraspinatus (from and to)
- From supraspinous fossa
- To greater tuberosity of humerus
Attachments of infraspinatus (from and to)
- From infraspinous fossa
- To greater tuberosity of humerus
Attachments of teres minor (from and to)
- From lateral border of scapula
- To greater tuberosity of humerus
Which structure prevents superior dislocation of the shoulder?
Coracoid process
Which direction does the shoulder most commonly dislocate in?
Inferiorly
What are the flexors of the elbow?
- Biceps brachii
- Brachialis
2 heads of biceps brachii
- Long head
- Short head
Where does each head of biceps brachii arise from?
- LH = supraglenoid tubercle
- SH = coracoid process
Where does biceps brachii insert?
Radial tuberosity of radius
Where does brachialis arise from?
Humeral shaft
Where does brachialis insert?
- Tuberosity of ulna
- Coronoid process
What is the extensor of the elbow?
Triceps brachii
What are the 3 heads of triceps brachii?
- Lateral head
- Long head
- Medial head
Where do each of the 3 heads of triceps brachii arise from?
- Lateral = superior, lateral margin of humerus
- Long = infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
- Medial = posterior surface of humerus
Where does triceps brachii insert?
Olecranon of ulna
