Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MJM > Histology of Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Histology of Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Types of fibres in ECM

A
  • Collagen
  • Reticular fibres
  • Elastic fibres
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the main types of fibril in bone and cartilage?

A
  • B = type I collagen
  • C = type II collagen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which glycosaminoglycans are present in bone and cartilage?

A
  • Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid)
  • Chondroitin 4-sulfate
  • Keratan sulfate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is hyaluronic acid synthesised?

A

Enzymes on the cell surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How much water can hyaluronan bind?

A

1000x its weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How are proteoglycans made?

A

GAGs covalently bonding to proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How are proteoglycan aggregates made?

A

Proteoglycans bind to hyaluronan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where are proteoglycan aggregates abundant?

A

Cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What property does cartilage get from proteoglycan aggregates?

A

Resisting compression without inhibiting flexibility (so good shock absorber)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are proteoglycan monomers?

A

Different numbers of glycosaminoglycans bound to a core protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does the structure of the proteoglycan monomer aggrecan give cartilage some of its properties?

A
  • Has chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate attached to the core protein
  • Is able to bind a lot of water
  • Allows cartilage to be flexible and take lots of pressure without change in shape
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Types of fixed connective tissue cells

A
  • Fibroblast
  • Adipose/fat cell
  • Pericyte
  • Mast cell
  • Histiocyte
  • Osteoblast
  • Chondrocyte
  • Osteoclast
  • Osteocyte
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Types of transient connective tissue cells

A
  • Plasma cell
  • Lymphocyte
  • Neutrophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil
  • Monocyte
  • Macrophage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Composition of hyaline cartilage

A
  • Cells = 3-5%
  • Multiadhesive glycoproteins = 5%
  • Proteoglycans (aggrecan) = 9%
  • Collagens = 15%
  • Intercellular water = 60-80%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Features of hyaline cartilage

A
  • Avascular
  • Surrounded by perichondrium (except articular cartilage)
  • Consists of chondrocytes surrounded by matrices containing type II collagen interacting with proteoglycans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Features of elastic cartilage

A
  • Avascular
  • Surrounded by perichondrium
  • Consists of chondrocytes surrounded by matrices containing type II collagen interacting with proteoglycans and elastic fibres
17
Q

What can elastic fibres be stained with for light microscopy?

A

Orcein

18
Q

Features of fibrocartilage

A
  • Generally avascular
  • Lacks perichondrium
  • Consists of chondrocytes and fibroblasts surrounded by type I collagen and a less rigid ECM
19
Q

Composition of bone

A
  • Inorganic = 67%
    > Predominantly calcium phosphate (present in hydroxyapatite)
  • Organic = 33%
    > Collagen = 28%
    > Non-collagenous proteins = 5%
20
Q

What do osteogenic cells do?

A

Form and maintain bone

21
Q

Different morphologies of osteogenic cells (and their specific functions)

A
  • Osteoprogenitors (develop into osteoblasts)
  • Osteoblasts (make bone)
  • Osteocytes (maintain bone)
  • Bone lining cells
22
Q

What do bone remodelling cells do?

A

Resorb bone

23
Q

Morphology of remodelling cells

A

Osteoclasts

24
Q

What is bone surrounded by and what is inside the bone?

A
  • S = Periosteum
  • I = Endosteum
25
Q

Process of formation of bone

A
  • Secretion by osteoblasts
    > Forms osteoid (soft, “bendy” layer)
    > Type I collagen, glycoproteins and proteoglycans
    > Membrane-enclosed matrix vesicles containing alkaline phosphatase and other enzymes to increase local phosphate ion concentrations
    > Protein called osteocalcin binding Ca2+ and local concentration increases
  • Calcified nanocrystals form
  • Eventual formation of calcium hydroxyapatite
  • Calcium hydroxyapatite surrounds collagen and merges into a confluent solid mass (mineralised bone)
26
Q

2 processes of osteogenesis

A
  • Intramembranous ossification
  • Endochondral ossification
27
Q

How does intramembranous ossification work?

A
  • Pre-existing medium of mesenchyme
  • Osteoblasts differentiate directly from mesenchymal cells + begin to secrete osteoid
  • No hyaline cartilage predecessor
28
Q

How does endochondral ossification work?

A
  • Pre-existing medium of hyaline cartilage
  • Populated by osteoblasts that begin to secrete osteoid
29
Q

What are resorption/Howship lacunae?

A

U-shaped dips formed when osteoclasts resorb bone

30
Q

Structure of mature bone

A
  • Multiple osteons side by side with concentric lamellae
  • Interstitial lamellae fill in the gaps between osteons
  • Osteonal arteries run in Haversian canals in the centre of each osteon
  • Osteonal arteries are connected through horizontal Volkmann canals

MJM (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions