Introduction to the Musculoskeletal System (AP) Flashcards
What is the most superficial layer of deep fascia and what does it separate?
- Investing layer
- Separates superficial fascia and skin from underlying tissues
What is the specific name for the investing layer in the forearm, thigh and leg?
- F = antebrachial fascia
- T = fascia lata
- L = crural fascia
What structures are formed from deeper layers deep fascia and what is their function?
- Intermuscular septum
- Interosseus membrane
- Periosteum
- All separate limbs into muscular compartments
What tissue are tendons made of?
Dense regular connective tissue
What is the function of a tendon?
Act as a site of attachment of muscles to bone
What tissue is cartilage made of?
Specialised hard connective tissue
3 types of cartilage
- Hyaline cartilage
- Fibrocartilage
- Elastic cartilage
What tissue are ligaments made of?
Dense regular connective tissue
Function of ligaments
- Attach bones to each other
- Stabilise moveable joints
What are bursae made of?
Synovial membrane (sac of it)
Where are bursae found?
Where tendons rub against bones, ligaments or other tendons
Types of joint
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
Types of fibrous joint
- Sutures
- Syndesmoses
- Gomphoses
What is a suture?
Joint between bones of the cranium
What is a syndesmosis?
Bones are held together by either a ligaments or interosseus membrane
What is a gomphosis?
Narrow fibrous joint between the root of a tooth and its bony socket
Types of cartilaginous joint
- Primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis)
- Secondary cartilaginous joint (symphysis)
What unites bones in a primary cartilaginous joint?
Hyaline cartilage
What unites bones in a secondary cartilaginous joint?
Fibrocartilage
Types of contraction and what they mean
- Isotonic = length of muscle changes but tension stays the same
- Isometric = length and tension of muscle stay the same
Types of isotonic contraction
- Concentric (muscle shortens)
- Eccentric (muscle lengthens)
What is compartment syndrome and what does it lead to?
- Pressure builds up in a muscular compartment
- Nerves and blood vessels compressed
- Leads to muscle necrosis and/or ischaemia
Organisation of a unipennate muscle
Fascicles on one side of length of tendon
Organisation of a bipennate muscle
Fascicles on both sides of length of tendon
Organisation of a multipennate muscle
Fascicles insert on lengths of multiple tendons
Organisation of a circular muscle
Muscle fibres arranged concentrically
Organisation of a two-bellied muscle
Muscle has 2 bellies joined by a central tendon
Organisation of a convergent muscle
Fascicles all come to a common attachment point
Organisation of a fusiform muscle
Parallel muscle fibres with large central region taper to tendons
Organisation of a strap/flat muscle
Straight ‘strap’ of parallel muscle fibres
What is flexion?
Decreasing angle between 2 bones
What is extension?
Increasing angle between 2 bones
What is adduction?
Bringing bone towards midline
What is abduction?
Bringing bone away from midline
What is medial rotation?
Rotation towards midline
What is lateral rotation?
Rotation away from midline
What is supination?
Moving palms anteriorly
What is pronation?
Moving palms posteriorly
What is plantarflexion?
Point toes downwards (ankle flexion)
What is dorsiflexion?
Point toes upwards (ankle extension)
What is opposition?
Moving thumb towards midline (touch pinkie)
What is inversion?
Sole of foot inwards towards midline
What is eversion?
Sole of foot outwards away from midline
