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MJM > Introduction to the Musculoskeletal System (AP) > Flashcards

Introduction to the Musculoskeletal System (AP) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most superficial layer of deep fascia and what does it separate?

A
  • Investing layer
  • Separates superficial fascia and skin from underlying tissues
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2
Q

What is the specific name for the investing layer in the forearm, thigh and leg?

A
  • F = antebrachial fascia
  • T = fascia lata
  • L = crural fascia
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3
Q

What structures are formed from deeper layers deep fascia and what is their function?

A
  • Intermuscular septum
  • Interosseus membrane
  • Periosteum
  • All separate limbs into muscular compartments
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4
Q

What tissue are tendons made of?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

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5
Q

What is the function of a tendon?

A

Act as a site of attachment of muscles to bone

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6
Q

What tissue is cartilage made of?

A

Specialised hard connective tissue

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7
Q

3 types of cartilage

A
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage
  • Elastic cartilage
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8
Q

What tissue are ligaments made of?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

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9
Q

Function of ligaments

A
  • Attach bones to each other
  • Stabilise moveable joints
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10
Q

What are bursae made of?

A

Synovial membrane (sac of it)

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11
Q

Where are bursae found?

A

Where tendons rub against bones, ligaments or other tendons

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12
Q

Types of joint

A
  • Fibrous
  • Cartilaginous
  • Synovial
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13
Q

Types of fibrous joint

A
  • Sutures
  • Syndesmoses
  • Gomphoses
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14
Q

What is a suture?

A

Joint between bones of the cranium

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15
Q

What is a syndesmosis?

A

Bones are held together by either a ligaments or interosseus membrane

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16
Q

What is a gomphosis?

A

Narrow fibrous joint between the root of a tooth and its bony socket

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17
Q

Types of cartilaginous joint

A
  • Primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis)
  • Secondary cartilaginous joint (symphysis)
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18
Q

What unites bones in a primary cartilaginous joint?

A

Hyaline cartilage

19
Q

What unites bones in a secondary cartilaginous joint?

A

Fibrocartilage

20
Q

Types of contraction and what they mean

A
  • Isotonic = length of muscle changes but tension stays the same
  • Isometric = length and tension of muscle stay the same
21
Q

Types of isotonic contraction

A
  • Concentric (muscle shortens)
  • Eccentric (muscle lengthens)
22
Q

What is compartment syndrome and what does it lead to?

A
  • Pressure builds up in a muscular compartment
  • Nerves and blood vessels compressed
  • Leads to muscle necrosis and/or ischaemia
23
Q

Organisation of a unipennate muscle

A

Fascicles on one side of length of tendon

24
Q

Organisation of a bipennate muscle

A

Fascicles on both sides of length of tendon

25
Q

Organisation of a multipennate muscle

A

Fascicles insert on lengths of multiple tendons

26
Q

Organisation of a circular muscle

A

Muscle fibres arranged concentrically

27
Q

Organisation of a two-bellied muscle

A

Muscle has 2 bellies joined by a central tendon

28
Q

Organisation of a convergent muscle

A

Fascicles all come to a common attachment point

29
Q

Organisation of a fusiform muscle

A

Parallel muscle fibres with large central region taper to tendons

30
Q

Organisation of a strap/flat muscle

A

Straight ‘strap’ of parallel muscle fibres

31
Q

What is flexion?

A

Decreasing angle between 2 bones

32
Q

What is extension?

A

Increasing angle between 2 bones

33
Q

What is adduction?

A

Bringing bone towards midline

34
Q

What is abduction?

A

Bringing bone away from midline

35
Q

What is medial rotation?

A

Rotation towards midline

36
Q

What is lateral rotation?

A

Rotation away from midline

37
Q

What is supination?

A

Moving palms anteriorly

38
Q

What is pronation?

A

Moving palms posteriorly

39
Q

What is plantarflexion?

A

Point toes downwards (ankle flexion)

40
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

Point toes upwards (ankle extension)

41
Q

What is opposition?

A

Moving thumb towards midline (touch pinkie)

42
Q

What is inversion?

A

Sole of foot inwards towards midline

43
Q

What is eversion?

A

Sole of foot outwards away from midline

MJM (32 decks)

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