Bones and Joints of the Lower Limb Flashcards
Main bones of lower limb
- Bones of pelvis
- Hip bone
- Femur
- Patella
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Bone of the foot
Main joints of lower limb
- Hip
- Knee
- Ankle
- Joints of foot
3 bones forming innominate hip bone
- Ilium
- Ischium
- Pubis
Where do the 3 bones meet in the hip bone and what is formed?
- Laterally
- Forms acetabulum
What cartilage separates the bones of the hip bone originally, when does it begin to fuse and when is it completely fused by?
- Triradiate cartilage
- Begins 15-17 years
- Complete by 23
2 parts of the acetabulum
- Articulatory surface
- Non-articulatory surface
What is the articulatory surface of the acetabulum lined by?
Hyaline cartilage
What is the non-articulatory surface of the acetabulum covered by?
Fat pad
What shape is the articulatory surface of the acetabulum?
Semilunar
What joins the semilunar ends of the articulatory surface of the acetabulum to make it circular?
Transverse acetabular ligament
Which proportions of the hip bone and acetabulum does the ilium form?
- Superior 2/3 of hip bone
- 2/5 of acetabulum
Which proportions of the hip bone and acetabulum does the ischium form?
- Posterior 1/3 of hip bone
- 2/5 of acetabulum
What does the ischial spine seperate?
Greater and lesser sciatic notches
What spans the greater sciatic notch to convert it into the greater sciatic foramen?
Sacrospinous ligament
What span the lesser sciatic notch to convert it into the lesser sciatic foramen?
- Sacrotuberous ligament
- Sacrospinous ligament
What is the pubis bone formed of?
- Body
- Superior ramus
- Inferior ramus
Where does the superior ramus of the pubis project?
Superolaterally to acetabulum
Where does the inferior ramus of the pubis project?
Posteriorly, inferiorly + laterally to join ramus of ischium in pubic arch
What does the body of the pubis join to, forming what?
- Body of other pubis
- Pubic symphysis
Divisions of the femur
- Body (shaft)
- Proximal extremity
- Distal extremity
What does the femur articulate with?
- Acetabulum (superior)
- Tibia (inferior)
What are the divisions of the proximal extremity of the femur?
- Head
- Neck
- Greater + lesser trochanters
What are the divisions of the distal extremity of the femur?
- Medial condyle
- Lateral condyle
Location of greater trochanter
Laterally at junction of body + neck of femur
Location of lesser trochanter
Medial to greater trochanter
2 imaginary lines connecting trochanters of femur, and their location
- Inter-trochanteric line (anterior)
- Inter-trochanteric crest (posterior)
What is the linea aspera and what does it comprise of?
- Rough line on posterior shaft of femur
- Medial + lateral lips
What do the lips of the linea aspera diverge to form?
Medial + lateral supracondylar lines
What separates the 2 condyles of the femur?
Intercondylar notch
What is the fovea capitus and what is its function?
- Pit in head of femur
- Ligamentum teres attaches here
What angle does the neck of the femur connect to the head at?
125°
Which ligament forms the inter-trochanteric line?
Iliofemoral ligament
What does the proximal end of the tibia flatten into?
Medial + lateral tibial plateaus
Articulations of tibia
- Condyles of femur (superior)
- Talus of foot (inferior)
Where is the fibula located in relation to the tibia?
Posterolaterally
What joins the tibia and fibula?
Interosseus membrane
What is found at the distal end of the fibula?
Knob-like structure - lateral malleolus
Function of fibula
- Attachment for muscles (no weight-bearing)
- Allow tibia to withstand twisting and bending
- (No weight-bearing)
Bones of the foot
- Talus
- Calcaneus
- Navicular
- Cuboid
- Cuneiform
- Metatarsals (5)
- Phalanges (14)
What type of joint is the knee?
Synovial hinge type joint
What nerves supply knee joint?
- Femoral
- Obturator
- Common peroneal
- Tibial
What is the knee reinforced by, and what are these derived from?
- Extracapsular ligaments
- Derived from quadriceps tendon
Joints constituting knee joint
- 2 condylar joints
> Medial condyle of femur + plateau of tibia
> Lateral condyle of femur + tibia - 1 gliding joint
> Patella + patellar surface of femur
Thickness, shape and attachments of menisci of the knee peripherally and centrally
- Peripheral
> Thick
> Convex
> Attached to joint capsule - Central
> Thin
> Concave
> Free border
Functions of menisci of knee
- Main = deepen articular surfaces of tibial condyles
- Lesser = cushions between femur + tibia
Types of ligaments of the knee (and their functions)
- Frontal ligaments (stabilise patella)
- Medial/lateral ligaments (prevent excessive sideways movement)
- Dorsal ligaments (prevent overextension)
- Cruciate ligaments (prevent slippage of femur on tibia)
Frontal ligaments of the knee
- Patellar ligament
- Retinaculum
Medial/lateral ligaments of the knee
- Medial (tibial) collateral ligament
- Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament
Dorsal ligaments of the knee
- Oblique popliteal ligament
- Arcuate popliteal ligament
Cruciate ligaments of the knee
- Anterior cruciate ligament
- Posterior cruciate ligament
