OVARIES Flashcards
The ovaries is part of the?
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
It is a Part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
OVARIES
In the ovaries, what do the anterior pituitary gland secretes?
follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
What do follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates?
growth of the ovarian follicles
secretion of estrogen into the plasma
This stimulates production of hormone which stimulates production of progesterone during ovulation
luteinizing hormone
What do LH stimulates during ovulation?
Progesterone
What are the principal female sex hormones?
Estrogens and progesterone
What causes the Abnormal synthesis of estrogens?
Ovaries (primary disorder)
If the problem is in the ovaries, we called that a ______________?
primary condition
If the disorder originates from either the pituitary gland or hypothalamus, we called that a ________________?
secondary condition
Secreted by the ovarian follicles and by the placenta during pregnancy.
ESTROGEN
What secretes the estrogen during pregnancy?
ovarian follicles and the placenta
What are the 3 types of Estrogen?
- Estradiol-17B or Estradiol
- Estrone
- Estriol
Estradiol is AKA?
E2
It is the principal estrogen and the most potent
ESTRADIOL
Elevated or increased during reproductive years
ESTRADIOL
What is the importance of Estradiol?
Regulates menstrual cycle
Helps maintain reproductive health
Estrone is AKA?
E1
Also known as E1
ESTRONE
Weakest type or form of estrogen
ESTRONE
Aside from ovaries, estrone can also be synthesized and secreted by _____________ as well as ______________?
adrenal glands
fatty tissues
Also known as E3
ESTRIOL
Estriol is AKA as?
E3
Mainly found elevated among pregnant women
ESTRIOL
Lower levels for non-pregnant women
ESTRIOL
What is the functions of the 3 types of estrogen?
Promotes development and maintains the female reproductive system
Develops and maintains secondary female sex characteristics
during which children experience a significant increase in height.
“growth spurt,”
To what sex is “growth spurt” more pronounced?
Females
What is the main source of estrogen synthesis during pregnancy, making primarily estriol?
Placenta
Placenta requires a precursor compound that can only be made by the fetal adrenal glands where the source of estriol comes from, the hydroxylated form of ___________?
DHEAS (16a- OH dehydroepiandrosteronesulfate)
What do the placenta lacks?
enzyme 16a-hydroxylase
This is used to assess fetoplacental status?
maternal estriol blood level/urine excretion
refers to the condition of the placenta in relation to pregnancy and the fetus
FETOPLACENTAL STATUS
FETOPLACENTAL STATUS allows us to evaluate the?
placenta’s ability to transport oxygen and nutrients to the fetus
Abnormal fetoplacental status can lead to complications such as?
miscarriage or stillbirth
birth of preterm infants
This refers to those born before completing 9 months of gestation.
preterm infants
What are the causes of Hyperestrinism?
Precocious puberty
Infertility and irregular menses
Postmenopausal bleeding
Pertaining to the onset of early development of the secondary sexual characteristics as early as 8 years old in females and 9 years old in males
Precocious puberty
Observed among patients with polycystic ovaries, estrogen-producing ovarian tumors disorders of the hypothalamus or pituitary
Infertility and irregular menses
This refers to the is lack of ovulation mainly caused by hormonal imbalance.
Anovulation
What are the symptoms of PCOS?
▪ Unexplained weight gain (most
common)
▪ Excessive hair production
▪ Prone to acne: skin becomes too oily
▪ Hair loss
Type of vaginal bleeding that occurs 12 months after no menstruation
Postmenopausal bleeding
What is the menopausal age?
51
What causes the hypoestrinism in females?
Ovarian insufficiency
Delayed puberty
Amenorrhea
Turner syndrome
It can be primary or secondary to disorders of the hypothalamus or pituitary
Ovarian insufficiency
Primary amenorrhea due to lack of ovarian function or secondary to disorders of the hypothalamus or pituitary
Delayed puberty
o Absence of menstruation
o Occurs at menopause
Amenorrhea
Genetic abnormality characterized by partial or complete loss of the two X chromosomes that will lead to non-functional ovaries
Turner syndrome
Secreted by the ovarian follicles, mainly the corpus luteum following ovulation, and by the placenta in pregnancy
PROGESTERONE
What secretes the progesterone?
ovarian follicles
It has a vital role in maintaining early pregnancy
PROGESTERONE
What are the clinical significance of Progesterone?
HYPERPROGESTERONEMIA
HYPOPROGESTERONEMIA
Too much progesterone. This can prevent menstrual cycle from occurring
HYPERPROGESTERONEMIA
Causes infertility as well as the possibility of abortion of fetus
HYPOPROGESTERONEMIA
characterized by estrogen stimulating growth of the uterine lining; progesterone levels are low
Follicular phase (first half)
characterized by progesterone promoting endometrium tissue to accept the fertilized ovum; progesterone measurements clinically useful to confirm ovulation
Luteal phase (second half)
