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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2 > ENZYMES OF CLINICAL SGNIFICANCE > Flashcards

ENZYMES OF CLINICAL SGNIFICANCE Flashcards

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1
Q

This catalyze interconversions of the amino acids and alpha-ketoaciddds by transfer of amino groups.

A

Aminotransferases

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2
Q

Give example of Aminotransferases.

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

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3
Q

What is the significance of Aminotransferases?

A

The products of the reaction of Aminotransferases enters the TCA. Therefore the main significant of AT is production of energy.

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4
Q

Which is the receiver in an Aminotransferase reaction?

A

Alpha-ketoacids

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5
Q

What is the function of Aminotransferases?

A

Amino acid metabolism

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6
Q

What cycle oxidized ketoacids?

A

TCA cycle

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7
Q

Transcribe SGOT

A

Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase

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8
Q

What is the reaction catalyzed of AST?

A

Aspartate + a-ketoglutarate <> Oxaloacetate + GLutamate

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9
Q

This is known to combine with Acetyl Coenzyme A particularly in the first step of the TCA cycle .

A

Oxaloacetate

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10
Q

What substance is Oxaloacetate known to combine with?

A

Acetyl Coenzyme A

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11
Q

What is the other importance of Oxaloacetate?

A

It is important in the biomolecule in Gluconeogenesis.

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12
Q

This is a process where glucose is produced. It is synthesized from nonglucose source.

A

Gluconeogenesis

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13
Q

What is the product of aspartate when combined with a-ketoglutarate?

A

Oxaloacetate and Glutamate

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14
Q

This is a carrier of Nitrogen, particularly Ammonia.

A

Glutamate

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15
Q

This is a waste product of protein.

A

Ammonia

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16
Q

What is the process of the conversion of Urea?

A

The Glutamate will carry the Ammonia to the liver and in the liver the Ammonia will be converted into Urea.

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17
Q

The highest concentration of AST can be found in?

A

A. Cardiac tissue
B. Liver
C. Skeletal muscle

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18
Q

The smaller amounts of concentration of AST can be found in?

A

A. Kidney
B. Pancreas
C. RBCs

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19
Q

What are the types of AST Isoenzyme?

A

A. Mitochondrial Isoenzyme
B. Cytoplasmic Isoenzyme

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20
Q

What are the scientific diagnoses of AST?

A

A.Hepatocellular disorders
B. Skeletal muscle involvement

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21
Q

If it is a mild degree of liver tissue injury, what is predominant?

A

Cytoplasmic Isoenzyme

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22
Q

What happens if there is a severe tissue damage?

A

Release of mitochondrial Isoenzyme

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23
Q

Enumerate the AST elevations

A

A. Pulmonary embolism
B. Congestive Heart Failure
C. Viral hepatitis
D. Cirrhosis
E. Skeletal muscle disorders

24
Q

Define pulmonary embolism

A

Their is a clot in the lungs. Therefore, it blocks the passage of the air which leads to Hypoxia.

25
Q

What do you call the clotting in the deep vein of the leg?

A

Deep vein thrombosis

26
Q

With pulmonary embolism, AST will be increased by how many times?

A

3x the Upper Limit of the Normal Value.

27
Q

Describe briefly Hepatitis A, B, C,D and E.

A

A - fecal oral route (contaminated food)
B - Blood transfusion, sexually. (Newborns can be affected by infected mothers)
C - Same with B. However, blood transfusion is more prominent to drug users.
D - Co-infection with B because cannot replicate by itself
E - Same as A. Contributory factor is sanitation

28
Q

This is the scarring of the liver.

A

Cirrhosis

29
Q

What disease has an elevation up to 4x the upper limit of the normal value?

A

Cirrhosis

30
Q

This is a group of conditions that weakens / degenerates muscles leading o muscle wasting.

A

Muscular dystrophies

31
Q

With AMI or Heart Attack, what is always observed?

A

The pattern of elevation specifically the rise, peak and normalization.

32
Q

After the onset of AMI, the measurement of elevation is done after how many hours?

A

6 - 8 hours

33
Q

How many days does normalization take place?

A

4 -5 days.

34
Q

This is the key link b/w TCA cycle and Glycolysis

A

Pyruvate

35
Q

PYRUVATE:
It is the ________ to the formation of ________ wherein the pyruvate is transferred to the _____________ and it is converted into _________________.

A

Precursor; ATP; Mitochondria; Acetyl Co-enzyme A

36
Q

Which is more live specific enzymes of the transferases, ALT or AST?

A

ALT

37
Q

What is the diagnostic significance of ALT?

A

A. Evaluation of hepatic disorders (hepatocellular)
B. Progressive inflammatory liver conditions

38
Q

This condition has a higher ALT elevation than AST

A

Progressive Inflammatory Liver Conditions

39
Q

This is the AST:ALT ratio.

A

De Ritis Ratio

40
Q

What are these when it comes to De Ritis Ration?
A. <1.0
B. >1.0 but <2.0
C. >2.0

A

A. Normal, even with viral hepatitis
B. Associated with Cirrhosis
C. Associated with alcoholic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma

41
Q

In acute hepatocellular injury, why is AST>ALT initially and after 24-48 hours the ALT is higher than the AST?

A

Because of the AST activity in hepatocytes and ALT has a longer half-life.

42
Q

What is the formula for De Ritis Ratio?

A

AST RESULT / ALT RESULT

43
Q

This method of measurement is the reaction of Transaminase couple to specific DH reactions.

A

Continuous-Monitoring method.

44
Q

This Assay method is couple with enzymatic reaction with MDH. And, it monitors change in absorbance at 340nm.

A

Karmen Method

45
Q

What is the indicator method of Karmen method?

A

Malate Dehydrogenase Enzyme

46
Q

What is the optimal pH of Karmen Method?

A

7.3 - 7.8

47
Q

What are the sources of errors of AST?

A

Hemolysis

48
Q

AST activity in RBC is _________ higher than the serum.

A

15x

49
Q

AST is stable in serum for ________ at 4’C.

A

3 - 4 days

50
Q

What is the reference range of AST?

A

5 - 30 U/L

51
Q

What is the indicator reaction of ALT?

A

LDH

52
Q

What are the sources of errors of ALT?

A

ALT is unaffected by hemolysis because RBC activity in RBCs is only 7x higher than in normal serum.

53
Q

What is the reference range of ALT?

A

6 -37 U/L

54
Q

In colorimetric method, AST/ALT is couples with ____________.

A

2,4 - DNPH (Reitmann-Frankel)

55
Q

In colorimetric method, _____________ of _____________ and pyruvate are more chromogenic.

A

Phenylhydrazones; Oxaloacetate

56
Q

This method is still feasible and simple and limited BUT acceptable accuracy.

A

Colorimetric Method

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2 (23 decks)

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