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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2 > LESSON 2 (part2) > Flashcards

LESSON 2 (part2) Flashcards

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1
Q

This talks about the hydrogen Ion concentration

A

pH

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2
Q

This talks about the point which the concentration rate is greatest.

A

Optimum pH

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3
Q

At what pH does many enzymes shows maximum activity?

A

7.0 - 8.0

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4
Q

At what pH is Pepsin active?

A

1.5

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5
Q

At what pH is ALP active?

A

10.5

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6
Q

This binds the substrate to the active site by forming ionic bridges and orients the substrate so it is attached to the enzyme in the correct configuration.

A

Activators

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7
Q

What is the common activator?

A

Magnesium

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8
Q

This decreases the rate of enzyme reaction and counterpart of activators.

A

Inhibitors

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9
Q

Describe the ff:
A. Competitive Inhibition
B. Non-competitive Inhibition
C. Uncompetitive Inhibition

A

A. Competes with the substrate
B. Freely attached and will not compete to the substrate.
C. The inhibitor will bind to the E-S complex

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10
Q

Enumerate the type of Inhibition

A

A. Reversible INhibition
B. Irreversible Inhibition

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11
Q

Describe the following:
A. Reversible INhibition
B. Irreversible Inhibition

A

a. Inhibitors are possibly removed from the system. Therefore, the enzyme is fully restored.
B. Inhibitors covalently combined with the enzyme

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12
Q

What are the examples f iNhibitors?

A
  1. Excess substrate
  2. Product of Inhibition
  3. E-S complex does not break to yield products
  4. Chemical substances
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13
Q

This inhibitor causes COMPETITION between substrate and molecules for a single binding site.

A

Excess substrate

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14
Q

This maybe an inhibitor of the forward reaction.

A

Product of reaction

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15
Q

This is the loss of enzymatic activity.

A

Enzyme denaturation

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16
Q

Enumerate the reasons for Enzyme Denaturation.

A
  1. Disruption of the 3-dimensional structure of the enzyme molecule.
  2. May be reversed if: denaturation is not extensive OR denaturing agent is removed
  3. Elevated temperature - beyond 50 - 60’C
  4. Extreme in pH
  5. Radiation
  6. Frothing
  7. Strong salt solution
  8. Mechanical trauma
  9. Chemicals
17
Q

MEASUREMENT OF ENZYME REACTION:
The rate of an enzyme - catalyzed reaction is ___________________ to the amount of ________________ present in the system.

A

Directly proportional; active enzyme

18
Q

What are the methods of Enzyme Assay?

A
  1. Fixed Time Assays
  2. Continuous-MOnitoring or KINETIC ASSAYS
19
Q

This Assay uses a serum+substrate where the reactants are combined and the reaction proceeds for a designated time and is stopped by inactivating the enzyme.

A

Fixed Time Assays

20
Q

This Assay has multiple measurements made at specific time intervals or by a continuous recording spectrophotometer.

A

Continuous-Monitoring or Kinetic Assays

21
Q

What are the Units of Measurement of enzymes?

A

IU and Katal

22
Q

This unit of measurement is proposed by the Commission on Enzymes (IUB) and is expressed in terms of U/L or mU/L

A

IU

23
Q

This unit of measurement is the unit of enzyme activity w/c converts 1 mol of substrate per second. Conforms with the System International (SI) scheme of units.

A

Katal

24
Q

Enumerate the sources of errors in enzyme Assay.

A
  1. Use of plasma
  2. Hemolysis
  3. Turbid/Lactascent Serum
  4. Heat Labile enzyme
  5. Contaminants
25
Q

In performing enzyme assays this specimen is the least preferred.

A

The use of plasma

26
Q

This is the inhibitory effects of anticoagulant on enzyme activity.

A

Use of Plasma

27
Q

This happens upon the release of intercellular enzyme.

A

Hemolysis

28
Q

This inhibits CK and Amylase

A

Turbid/ Lactascent Serum

29
Q

What are the factors that influence the rate of entry?

A

A. Leakage of enzymes from cells
B. Altered enzyme production

30
Q

This type of factor that influences the rate of entry talks about the impaired energy production: promote deterioration of cell membrane and directly attacks on the cell membranes.

A

Leakage or Enzymes from Cells

31
Q

What causes the decrease of altered enzyme production?

A

genetic deficiency of enzyme production and;
the enzyme production is depressed as a result of diseases.

32
Q

GIve example of Altered enzyme production.

A

Mucopolysaccharidoses

33
Q

This is the accumulation of sugar complexes.

A

Mucopolysaccharidoses

34
Q

What is the cause of the increase of Altered Enzyme Production?

A

Increase in the # and activity of cells
Enzyme Induction
Proliferation of enzyme-producing cells

35
Q

This is the effect of drugs and other substances

A

Enzyme Induction

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2 (14 decks)

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