Oral solid dosage forms Flashcards
What are the reasons for coating a tablet?
Protect the drug Mask the taste/appearance Identification Easier to swallow Changing the release properties
What are the types of coating for tablets?
Film - polymers
Sugar (s/c) - sucrose
What are capsules?
One or more drug encased in a gelatin shell
Can capsules be opened?
Yes - can be swallowed whole or opened
Why are capsules used?
Mask taste
Easier to swallow
Administer a measured volume of drug
What are the two types of capsule?
Hard gelatin
Soft gelatin
What are the issues surrounding capsules?
Vegetarians and religion
Which type of capsule has a two piece outer shell?
Hard gelatin
Which type of capsule has a one piece flexible shell?
Soft gelatin
Which type of capsule can be cleared or coloured?
Both soft and hard gelatin
Which type of capsule is filled with powder, granules or pellets?
Hard gelatin
Which type of capsule can be filled with powders, solutions, emulsions, suspensions, oils or pastes?
Soft gelatin
Which type of capsule can be swallowed whole or as sprinkle caps?
Hard gelatin
Which type of gelatin can be swallowed whole, chewed or be opened for external use?
Soft gelatin
What are granules?
Powders that have been aggregated together to form larger particles
Are granules for internal or external use?
Internal
What are diluents/fillers such as lactose, mannitol and cellulose used for?
To add bulk
What are binders such as gelatin and cellulose derivatives used for?
To make granules
What are disintegrants such as modified cellulose/starch used for?
To break up the tablet
What are lubricants/glidants such as magnesium stearate, calcium stearate and talc used for?
To improve flow properties
What are colourants such as those with E numbers used for?
Identification/appearance
In effervescent tablets/powders a reaction between a _________ and ________ produces CO2 to break the tablet up
carbonate and weak acid
In chewable tablets, mannitol is a sweetener used and has three functions which are?
Sweeten
Aid solubility
For a pleasant feel in the mouth
What are the three types of modified release formulations work?
Delayed release
Enteric coating
Extended release
How do delayed release formulations work?
Releases drug after a specific time frame to help target drug delivery
How do enteric coated formulations work?
prevents release of drug in stomach (acidic)
Drug is released in the intestine
Controlled by pH
Protects the drug or protects the stomach
How do extended release formulations work?
Release of drug from formulation is prolonged
Reduces frequency of dosing can improve compliance
Names include MR, CR, SR, XL, LA, SA
How does a matrix system work in MR?
Drug with a matrix, matrix controls the release of the drug. It is made of polymers and can be split
How does a reservoir/membrane system work?
Coating creates a semi-permeable membrane. Membrane controls the release. Made from polymers and plasticisers. Cannot be split
In terms of stability what factors affect oral solid dosage forms?
Heat
Light
Moisture
What are the disadvantages of tablets and capsules?
Slow onset of action First pass metabolism Systemic action and side effects Gelatin issues Difficulty swallowing - elderly, children, oral route not available
What are the advantages of powders and granules?
Very stable and can be reconstituted to liquids
Accurate dosing from sachets
Faster onset of action
Good for patients with difficulty swallowing
Release can be modified for granules
What are the disadvantages of powders and granules?
Less convenient for patient Inaccurate dosing from bulk pots First pass metabolism Systemic action and side effects Difficult to mask taste
What are the advantages of tablets and capsules?
Very stable Accurate dosing Convenient for the patient Easy to make and low cost Taste can be masked Release can be modified Can be enteric coated
