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Pharmacy (year one) > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What causes arrhythmias?

A

abnormal electrical impulses giving irregular pulse

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2
Q

What two factors influence cardiac output?

A

Age

body surface area

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3
Q

What is the role of the blood?

A 
Transport - O2 and nutrients
Removal of waste - CO2
Coagulation
Distribution of drugs
pH and temperature regulation
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4
Q

What are the four components in the blood?

A

Plasma
leukocytes
erythrocytes
platelets/thrombocytes

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5
Q

What is the role of plasma in the blood?

A

Dissolves substances
Transport medium - glucose, lipids, hormones etc
Contains proteins - maintain oncotic pressure, transport drugs

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6
Q

What is the most abundant plasma protein in the blood?

A

Albumin

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7
Q

Does albumin bind acid, basic or neutral drugs?

A

Acidic and neutral drugs

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8
Q

does a1 acidic glycoprotein bind acidic or basic drugs?

A

basic

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9
Q

The levels of albumin are constant at all ages. True or false?

A

False - the levels of albumin vary with age

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10
Q

Variation of drug binding is independent of the concentration of alpha-acid glycoprotein. True or false?

A

False - it depends on the conc

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11
Q

Where are leukocytes produced?

A

bone marrow

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12
Q

What are the three cell types of leukocytes?

A

neutrophils -
monocytes/macrophages
lymphocytes

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13
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

phagocytosis, destruction of bacteria - first responders to infection

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14
Q

What is the function of monocytes/macrophages?

A

Phagocytosis

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15
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

Immune response

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16
Q

What is neutropenia?

A

A low neutrophil count which is a common side effect of chemotherapy

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17
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

low number of thrombocytes - can lead to excessive bleeding

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18
Q

What is thrombocytosis?

A

A high number of thrombocytes - increased formation of blood clots - can lead to myocardial infarction/stroke

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19
Q

What is the function of platelets/thrombocytes?

A

Blood clotting

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20
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

maintenance of blood flow and vascular tonus

role in respiration - O2 and CO2

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21
Q

Which component in the blood contains haemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase?

A

erythrocytes

22
Q

carbonic anhydrase in erythrocytes is important in the elimination of _______

A

CO2

23
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

a network of lymphnodes, ducts and vessels - produces and transports lymph

24
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

produces immune cells - lymphocytes and monocytes
role in the absorption of monoclonal antibodies
return excess fluid to blood circulation

25
Q

What are HDLs?

A

carry cholesterol from tissues to liver for metabolism or excretion

26
Q

What are LDLs?

A

carry cholesterol to cells where build up can occur e.g. artery walls

27
Q

What can cause hypercholesterolemia?

A

Genetic factors
Environmental factors - obesity
Secondary causes - type 2 diabetes

28
Q

What are the consequences of hypercholesterolemia?

A

Increased risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischaemic attack (TIA), peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

29
Q

How can hypercholesterolemia be treated?

A

Statins and lifestyle changes (diet, exercise)

30
Q

What are the roles of the circulatory system?

A

Allow cells to exchange substances with each other and the environment (O2 and CO2)
Regulation of blood pressure and flow
Produce immune cells - lymphatic system

31
Q

What are the four determinants of blood pressure?

A

Cardiac output
expansion/retraction of blood vessels
peripheral resistance
blood volume

32
Q

Which has a thicker muscular wall and why, arteries or veins?

A

Arteries because the pressure in them is much higher

33
Q

All arteries carry oxygenated blood. True or false?

A

False - the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood

34
Q

All veins carry blood with low levels of oxygen. True or false?

A

False - the pulmonary vein carrys oxygen rich blood

35
Q

What is the role of valves?

A

Prevent back flow of blood

36
Q

Which organs are highly perfused?

A

Kidneys
Liver
Brain
Lungs

37
Q

Which organs are poorly perfused?

A

Adipose

Skin

38
Q

Is blood flow equal to all organs?

A

No

39
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

Blood vessels constrict so they have a reduced diameter so more blood is available to other sites

40
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

Blood vessels dilate so there is a decrease in blood presssure and vascular resistance

41
Q

What is the RAAS?

A

Plays a role in the pathology of cardiovascular disease. Under normal conditions, it is stimulated in response to threats that compromise the stability of blood pressure

42
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped by the heart

43
Q

What does the right side of the heart do?

A

Collects deoxygenated blood from body and pumps it to the lungs via the right ventricle

44
Q

What does the left side of the heart do?

A

Collects oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium to the left ventricle and supplies it to the body via the aorta

45
Q

How does venous blood (low in O2, high in CO2) move through the heart?

A

It moves from the right atrium to the right ventricle via the tricuspid valve. It exits to the lungs via the pulmonary artery

46
Q

How does blood rich in O2 and low in CO2 move through the heart?

A

Leaves the lungs and enters heart via pulmonary vein. Moves through to left atrium and then left ventrical via the mitral valve. It is then pumped out to body via the aorta

47
Q

What is the name of the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle?

A

mitral valve

48
Q

What is the name of the valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle?

A

tricuspid valve

49
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction

50
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation

Pharmacy (year one) (60 decks)

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