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Anatomy 337 > Oral Cavity and Taste > Flashcards

Oral Cavity and Taste Flashcards

1
Q

oral vestibule

A

this is the area between the lips/cheeks and the teeth

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2
Q

oral cavity proper

A

this is the area where the tongue is

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3
Q

cheeks

A
  • the lateral walls of the oral cavity
  • the buccinator muscle is important for supporting these and helps to maintain food in the mouth when chewing
  • innervated by cranial nerve 7 (facial nerve)
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4
Q

lips

A

-these close the oral cavity

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5
Q

gingivae

A
  • these are the gums
  • these cover the alveolar processes of the upper and lower processes of the upper and lower jaws and surround the necks of the teeth
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6
Q

palate

A
  • this is the roof of the mouth and is made up of the hard palate and the soft palate
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7
Q

hard palate

A
  • this is the anterior 2/3 of the palate (roof of the mouth)
  • this is the bony roof of the oral cavity formed by the maxillae and the palatine bones
  • this separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity
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8
Q

soft palate

A
  • this is the posterior 1/3 of the palate (roof of the mouth)
  • this is soft and muscular
  • it is a fleshy posterior extension of the hard palate
  • it separates the oral cavity form the nasopharynx during swallowing
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9
Q

uvula

A
  • dangly fleshy extension of the soft palate

- it hangs from the posterior margin of the soft palate and prevents food from entering the pharynx too soon

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10
Q

functions of the oral cavity

A
  • sensory analysis of food before swallowing
  • mechanical digestion through teeth, tongue and palatal surfaces
  • lubrication by mixing ingested material with mucus and saliva
  • limited chemical digestion of carbs by salivary amylase and lipids by lingual lipase
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11
Q

palatoglossal arch

A
  • this is one of the paired muscular folds that opens the oral cavity into the oropharynx
  • this is made of the palatoglossus muscle
  • this extends between the soft palate and the base of the tongue
  • this is anterior to the palatine tonsils
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12
Q

palatopharyngeal arches

A
  • this is one of the paired muscular folds that opens the oral cavity into the oropharynx
  • extends between the soft palate to the side of the pharynx
  • this is made up of the palatopharyngeus muscle
  • this is posterior to the palatine tonsils
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13
Q

tongue

A
  • begin mechanical digestion through abrasion and distortion
  • manipulation to assist in chewing to prepare food for swallowing
  • sensory analysis by touch temperature and taste receptors
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14
Q

bolus

A
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15
Q

lingual frenulum

A
  • this attached the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity

- if this is too tight it may cause issues with speech

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16
Q

intrinsic muscles

A

these originate and insert within the tongue

  • they are there to change the shape of the tongue
  • important for moving around the bolus
  • assist the extrinsic with precise movements (speech)
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17
Q

extrinsic muscles

A
  • these originate away from the tongue and insert on the tongue
  • these physically move the tongue in space
  • genioglossus
  • styloglossus
  • hypoglossus
  • palatoglossus
  • they are all innervated by the hypoglossal nerve except for palatoglossus
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18
Q

genioglossus

A
  • this is an extrinsic tongue muscle

- this is to protract the tongue outward

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19
Q

styloglossus

A
  • this is an extrinsic tongue muscle

- this retracts and elevates the tongue

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20
Q

hypoglossus

A
  • this is an extrinsic tongue muscle

- this retracts and depresses the tongue

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21
Q

palatoglossus

A
  • this is an extrinsic tongue muscle
  • this elevates the tongue and pulls the soft palate down
  • this is the one extrinsic muscle that is not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve
  • this is innervated by the cranial nerve 10 (vagus nerve)
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22
Q

muscles of matication

A

o Temporalis
o Masseter
o Medial pterygoid
o Lateral pterygoid

  • these all insert on the mandible
  • these do not open the mouth
  • these close the mouth
  • when these muscles relax, the mouth opens
  • these are skeletal muscle
  • these are not muscles of facial expression
  • all are innervated by the mandibular branch of cranial nerve five
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23
Q

temporalis

A

this elevates and retracts mandible

- this is the largest of the muscles of mastication

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24
Q

masseter

A

this elevates and protracts the mandible

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25
Q

lateral and medial ptergoids

A
  • these protract and move the mandible from side to side
  • these have a different angle which allows for them to do this action –> structure governs function

** the medial also elevates the mandible

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26
Q

temporomandibular joint

A
  • it is a synovial joint
  • very important for mastication
  • diarthrotic hinge joint between the head of the mandible and temporal bone
  • the articular disc (this is a fibrocartilage in the joint)
  • ligaments that provide stability
    ( one of the only mobile joints of the entire skull )
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27
Q

Saliva

A
  • this acts to moisten our food and lubricates it as we prepare to go into the GI tract
  • 95% water and 0.5% solutes

it is a combination of all the secretions from the salivary glands (70% from submandibular, 25% from the parotid, 5% from sublingual)

28
Q

Salivary Glands

A
  • these can be extrinsic or intrinsic
  • these are innervated by parasympathetic innervation (CN 7 and CN 9)
  • the sympathetic innervation is the superior cervical ganglia
29
Q

extrinsic salivary glands

A

these are the ones that produce the majority of the saliva in the mouth

  • parotid glands
  • submandibular glands
  • sublingual glands
30
Q

intrinsic salivary glands

A

these are little unicellular glands found throughout the oral cavity that produce small amounts of saliva

31
Q

parotid gland

A
  • this is the largest salivary gland
  • is anterior to the ear
  • the parotid duct is what drains the secretions
  • innervated by: CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)
  • CN VII runs through this gland –> this is important to remember because if there is a tumor or surgery there could be damage to this gland and could damage the facial nerve
32
Q

parotid duct

A

this runs parallel to the zygomatic arch and pierces the buccinator

33
Q

submandibular gland

A
  • along the inferomedial surface of the body of the mandible (below the mandible)
  • this gland produces the majority of the saliva (60-70 percent)
  • drains into the submandibular duct
  • innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII)
34
Q

submandibular duct

A
  • this is under the tongue and what is secreting majority of the secretions of saliva entering the mouth
  • opens up onto either side of the frenulum
35
Q

sublingual glands

A
  • covered by the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth
  • it is inferior to the tongue
  • it is a small gland and only contributes the 3-5% of the total saliva
  • this drains into multiple tiny sublingual ducts that open onto the inferior surface of the oral cavity on either side of the frenulum
  • innervated by CN VII (facial nerve)
36
Q

salivary reflex

A
  • food in the mouth will stimulate receptors in the mouth or by stimulating the taste buds and this leads to the secretion of saliva
  • parasympathetic innervation speeds up secretion of all glands
37
Q

crown of tooth

A

this is the upper exposed portion of the tooth that exposed out of the gingiva

38
Q

neck of tooth

A
  • this marks the boundary between the root and the crown

- this is a narrowed portion of the tooth

39
Q

root of tooth

A
  • this is where you find the neurovasculature and the vessels
  • this is at the base of the tooth
40
Q

the layers of the tooth

A
  • pulp cavity
  • dentin
  • cementum
  • enamel
41
Q

enamel

A
  • this is the outer most layer of the tooth
  • this is a crystalline material that is similar to the mineral composition of bone
  • this covers the crown
  • it is the hardest structure on the human body
42
Q

dentine

A
  • this is just deep to the enamel
  • this makes up the majority of the tooth
  • it is a fibrous connective tissue
  • it is a mineralized matrix that does not have any living cells
43
Q

cementum/ cement

A
  • this is a thin layer that surrounds the dentrin in the alveolar process
  • this anchors the tooth to the alveolar process of the bone
44
Q

periodontal ligaments

A
  • these are assisting in the anchoring of the root into the alveolar process
  • this is superficial to the cement and extends from teh cement to the bone
45
Q

gomphosis joint

A
  • this is the roots + the dental alveoli + the periodontal ligaments
  • this is what anchors the tooth into the socket
46
Q

incisors

A
  • these are the blade shaped teeth at the cont of the mouth
  • typically going to have four on the top and bottom

-these grab and clip food

47
Q

canines

A
  • these are also called cuspids
  • these are conical teeth with sharp ridgeline and a pointed tip
  • these tare and shred food
48
Q

premolars

A
  • these are also called bicuspids
  • these have flattened crowns with 2 prominent rounded cusps
  • these crush, mash, and grind
49
Q

molars

A
  • have large flattened crowns with 4 or 5 prominent rounded cusps
  • these are adapted for crushing and grinding
  • the upper jaw molars have 3 roots
  • the lower jaw molars have 2 roots

there are three molars on the top and the bottom
- the third molar is the wisdom tooth

50
Q

deciduous teeth

A
  • these are the teeth that appear first and are going to be lost and replaced
  • the periodontal ligaments and roots of the teeth erode
  • there are no premolars
  • they only have ten teeth on the top and bottom
  • the teeth all erupt through the gums at different times of development
  • the incisors are typically first and move out from there
  • it can take up to two years to get them all in
51
Q

permanent teeth

A
  • these are the teeth that come in and replace the deciduous teeth
  • there are more of these and there are premolars
  • typically there are 32 teeth (16 on the top and bottom)
  • the third molar is often removed (the wisdom teeth) leaving people with 28 teeth
52
Q

gustatory cells

A
  • these are taste receptors found in taste buds that are distributed over the tongue surface and adjacent portions of the pharynx and larynx
  • there can be 40-100 gustatory epithelial cells on each taste bud
  • these contain taste hairs (microvilli)
53
Q

taste hairs

A

these are microvilli that extend into surrounding fluid
- they extend through narrow openings called taste poors

  • these essentially trap taste and then this depolarizes the cell and gustatory cell and then the neurons send the info
54
Q

taste bud

A

this is a specialized organ for taste

- composed of many gustatory cells

55
Q

papillae

A

these are epithelial projections off of the tongue

  • filiform papillae
  • fungiform papillae
  • vallate papillae
  • foliate papillae
56
Q

filiform papillae

A

these are short and bristle like
- these are distributed over the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

  • these are the most common type
  • these do not have taste buds
  • these are what give the tongue the whitish color
57
Q

fungiform papillae

A

these contain taste buds

- these are larger bumps on the tongue

58
Q

vallate papillae

A
  • these are the least numerous but the largest (we only have about 10-12 of these)
  • they are in an inverted V shape on the posterior dorsal surface of the tongue
  • majority of the taste buds are here
59
Q

what do we need to know about the different tastes

A
  • there are 6 different tastes if we include water
  • sweet
  • salty
  • bitter
  • sour
  • umami (savory, caused by glutamate)
  • water receptors (in the pharynx)
60
Q

gustatory pathway

A
  • this is what allows for the ability to taste
  • the taste hairs trap the taste which leads to depolarization of the gustatory cell
  • this signals the axon and these travel through CN VII and IX to the brainstem
  • taste information is then sent to the thalamus
  • taste fibers project from the thalamus to the primary gustatory cortex in the insular cortex
61
Q

what portion of the tongue is innervated by the facial nerve

A

CN VII innervates the anterior 2/3 of the tongue for the special sense of taste

62
Q

what portion of the tongue is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve

A

CN IX innervates the posterior 1/3 of the tongue for the special sense of taste

this also innervates the posterior 1/3 of the tongue for the general sense of touch (pressure, hot or cold)

63
Q

what portion of the tongue is innervated by the vagus nerve

A

CN X innervates a small portion of the posterior tongue for the special sense of taste

CN X innervates a portion of the posterior tongue for the motor innervation because it innervates the palatoglossus muscle which is the one exception for tongue muscle innervation

64
Q

what portion of the tongue is innervated by the lingual nerve

A

CN V innervates the anterior 2/3 of the tongue for the special sense of touch (pressure, hot, or cold)

65
Q

what is the importance of the hypoglossal nerve for the tongue innervation

A

CN XII is important because it innervates the muscles of the tongue allowing for motor innervation
** with the exception of the palatoglossus muscle

Anatomy 337 (39 decks)

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