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Anatomy 337 > integumentary system and somatosensation > Flashcards

integumentary system and somatosensation Flashcards

1
Q

subcutaneous

A

this is fatty layer deep to the epidermis and dermis

-protects underlying structure, stores energy, and is insulation for the body

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2
Q

8 functions of the integument

A
  • protection (physical, chemical, UV)
  • water regulation
  • temperature regulation
  • vitamin d synthesis
  • sensory perception
  • excretion by sercretion
  • storage of blood (5% of total)
  • non-verbal communication (Janice, cyanosis, really pale, moist, flushed –> can give alot of info about what may be happening in the body)
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3
Q

epidermis

A
  • this is the most superficial layer
  • avascular
  • made of stratified squamous epithelium
  • has five layers (four at thin skin)
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4
Q

stratum basale

A
  • deepest layer of the epidermis
  • attachment to basal lamina
  • stem cells, melanocytes, and merkel cells
  • cell division occurs
  • just a single layer of cells thick
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5
Q

stratum spinosum

A

superficial to just the basale layer and deep to every other layer

  • cells at this layer are healthy and living because they have a nucleus
  • some cell division occurs
  • langerhans cells and melanocytes are present
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6
Q

stratum granulosum

A
  • this is directly superficial to the spinosum
  • some cells still living
  • keritinocytes produce keratonyalin and keratin
  • water proofing occurs at this layer when cells release a lipid rich substance that coats the cells
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7
Q

what is ironic about the lipid rich protective coat that is secreted

A

it blocks cells from getting nutrients and releasing waste so ultimately leads to cell death

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8
Q

stratum lucidum

A
  • this is only present in thick skin

- appears glossy and is at the palms and soles of feet

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9
Q

stratum corneum

A
  • most superficial layer
  • contains multiple layers of flattened dead, interlocking keratinocytes
  • typically relatively dry
  • permits slow water loss by insensible perspiration
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10
Q

four cell types of the epidermis

A
  • keratinocytes
  • melanocytes
  • tactile cells (merkel cells)
  • dendritic cells (langerhans cells)
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11
Q

keratinocytes

A
  • protection physical and mechanical
  • waterproof the skin
  • vitamin D synthesis
  • production of antibiotics and enzymes to detoxify skin
  • joined by desmosomes
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12
Q

melanocytes

A
  • produce melanin
  • absorption of UV light
  • transfer melanin to keratinocytes via cell processes
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13
Q

what is skin color determined by

A

skin color is not determined by the number of melanocytes but the amount of melanin produced. most humans have the same amount of melanocytes

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14
Q

melanin

A

-helps to protect from the sun and absorbs UV

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15
Q

tactile epithelial cells

A

-these are receptors to touch

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16
Q

dendritic cells

A
  • part of the immune system

- take up foreign proteins bia endocytosis and transports them to the lymph nodes to begin an immune response

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17
Q

what structures are derived from the epidermis

A
  • nails
  • sweat glands
  • hair
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18
Q

sweat glands

A
  • these can be apocrine or eccrine

- these are widely distributed throughout the skin

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19
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A

-they are important for thermoregulation and widely distributed throughout the skin

20
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A
  • these are in special places like the arm pit, groin, nipples
  • ceruminous glands: these secrete ear wax
  • mammary glands: these secrete milk
  • others secrete smells and oils etc
21
Q

dermis

A

-highly vascularized, neurological structures within, sweat glands, hair follicles, and hair glands within

22
Q

arrestor pili muscles

A

these attach to hair roots and cause hairs to stand during certain situations

23
Q

vascular functions of the dermis

A
  • supplys dermis
  • supplys nutrients to avascular epidermis
  • important in controlling body temp
24
Q

nerve fiber functions of the dermis

A
  • tactile (touch) receptors
  • control blood flow
  • control glandular secretion
25
Q

papillary layer

A

this layer has rolling ridges to increase the surface area that it has in contact with the epidermal region superficial to it
- made of loose connective tissue

26
Q

dermal papillae:

A
  • nipple like projections that give this layer its name

- they increase surface area and allow for gas exchange, waste etc.

27
Q

why is it important to increase the surface area between the epidermis and the papillary layer

A

this is because the epidermis has not blood supply so it must rely on diffusion for nutrients and this kinda explains why the more superficial layers are dying/dead cells because the nutrients cannot make it to them

28
Q

friction ridge

A
  • folds of epidermis and dermis on fingers, palms, soles, and toes
  • these increase friction to help with grasping things
29
Q

reticular layer

A
  • this makes up the majority of the dermis

- made of dense irregular connective tissue with bundles of collagen fibers

30
Q

cleavage lines

A

these are the collagen and elastin fibers organized in thin parallel bundles to resist stresses
-when the skin is stretched too much the fibers tear and form striae (stretch marks)

31
Q

why is it important to try to make incisions along/parallel to the cleavage lines

A

this allows for a better healing process and less of a scar

32
Q

skin changes with aging

A
  • thinner skin
  • decreased dendritic cells
  • decreased vit D3 production
  • decreased melanocyte activity
  • dryer skin
33
Q

exteroceptors

A
  • found in the skin or mucous membranes

- these are the sensory receptors in the skin

34
Q

types of skin receptors

A 
non encapsulated tactile receptors
- free nerve endings
-tactile (merkel) disc
-root hair plexus
encapsulated tactile receptors
-tactile corpuscles
-lamellated corpuscles
-bulbous corpuscles
35
Q

free nerve endings

A
  • pain and temperature

- found in the papillary layer of the dermis and deep epidermis

36
Q

tactile disc

A

associated with tactile cells in the stratum basale of epidermis
-light touch

37
Q

root hair plexus

A
  • movement of hairs- light touch

- surround hair follicles in dermis

38
Q

tactile corpuscles

A
  • in tips of some dermal papillae

- light touch

39
Q

lamellated corpuscles

A
  • in the dermis, subcutaneous tissue, and some vicera

- deep pressure sensation

40
Q

bulbous corpuscles

A
  • in the dermis and subcutaneous

- deep pressure

41
Q

what receptors are in the dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway

A
  • tactile (merkle) disc
  • tactile corpuscles
  • root hair plexuses
42
Q

what receptors are used in the anterolateral pathway

A
  • bulbous coupuscles

- free nerve endings

43
Q

receptive fields

A
  • the sensory receptors that feed into a sensory neuron
44
Q

small receptive fields have what

A
  • good discriminatory touch to determine where something is affecting you
  • this is important in your fingers, eyes, etc
45
Q

big receptive fields have what

A

they have bad discrimminatory touch

46
Q

dermatomes

A

area of the skin innervated by a single spinal nerve

-circumferential in the trunk and distorted in the limbs

47
Q

shingles

A
  • this is the reactivation of the chicken pox

- the virus travels down the sensory axons to the dermatome

Anatomy 337 (39 decks)

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