Bones and Joints of Upper extremities Flashcards
Pectoral Girdle
- articulates with the trunk and supports the upper limbs
bones: sternum, clavicle, scapula, humerus
clavicle
- this articulates medially with the manubrium and sternum
- this articulates laterally with the acromion
acromial end
this is the end of the clavicle that articulates with the scapula
sternal end
this is the end of the clavicle that articulates with the manubrium of the sternum
sternoclavicular joint
This is between the sternum and the clavicle. The sternoclavicular ligament helps to stabilize this joint.
- contains an articular disc of fibrocartilage
- this is the only joint that connects the upper extremity to the thorax
acromioclavicular joint
it is the junction between the acromion and the clavicle.
It is a plane synovial joint.
scapula
overlies the ribs 2-7
- this is broad, flat and triangular
has many important bony landmarks
scapulothoracic joint
- not a true articulation. It is considered a functional joint between the scapula and the thoracic wall.
- is formed by the convex surface of the posterior thoracic cage and the concave surface of the anterior scapula.
humerus
- this is the proximal bone of the brachium
- this articulates with the scapula, the radius, and the ulna
- the distal medial and lateral epicondyles are important for muscle attachment
conoid tubercle
- on the clavicle
Attachment site for the coracoclavicular ligament
head of humerus
Articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula
anatomical neck
Just distal to the head of the humerus
surgical neck
Common site for fractures of the humerus
deloid tuberosity
Attachment for the deltoid muscle
lesser tubercle
Attachment for the subscapularis muscle (and teres major)
greater tubercle
Attachment for the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor
interubercular sulcus
Passageway for the tendon of the long head of the biceps; attachment for the
latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles
radial groove
Radial nerve travels here on its course around the posterior humerus
medial epicondyle
Attachment site for muscles of the anterior forearm (flexors and pronator teres
lateral epicondyle
Attachment site for muscles of the posterior forearm (extensors and supinator)
glenohumeral joint
- a ball and socket joint between the scapula and the humerus.
- It is the major joint connecting the upper limb to the trunk.
- it is one of the most mobile joints in the human body, at the cost of joint stability.
Glenoid Labrum
is a fibrocartilaginous structure rim attached around the margin of the glenoid cavity in the shoulder blade
- it is a ring of tissue surrounding the glenoid fossa
- Expands the depth of the glenoid fossa by approximately 50 percent to allow for increased motion
Bursae
these are around the shoulder within the glenohumeral joint
- these decrease friction and movement around the joint
ulna
this is the medial bone of the two parallel bones in the forearm
radius
this is the lateral bone of the two parallel bones in the forearm
proximal radioulnar joint
a synovial joint that connects the proximal ends of the radius and ulna.
- In this joint, the circumferent head of radius is placed within the ring formed by the radial notch of ulna and the annular ligament –> makes this joint a pivot joint
annular ligament
this is a ligament that surrounds the radius, holding it tight to the ulna which still allowing it to rotate on the ulna with pronation and supination
-this is within the proximal radioulnar joint
radial collateral ligament
- this is a short and narrow fibrous band that is less distinct that the ulnar collateral ligament
- this is on the radial side of the humeroulnar joint
- works with the ulnar collateral ligament to prevent abduction and adduction at the joint
ulnar collateral ligament
- runs along the inner side of the elbow
- this is on the ulnar side of the humeroulnar joint
- works with the radial collateral ligament to prevent abduction and adduction at the joint
distal radioulnar joint
the distal articulation between the radius and ulna.
The ulna is smaller distally while the radius is larger
radiocarpal joint
this is the only true wrist joint
metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP)
- these are the joints between the metacarpal bones and the proximal phalanges
proximal interphalangeal joints (PIP)
this is the joints between the proximal phalanges and the middle phalanges
- there is not one on the thumb
Distal interphalangeal joints (DIP)
- this is the joint between the middle and distal phalanges
Interphalangeal joint (IP)
- this is the joint in the thumb between the proximal and distal phalange in the thumb
what makes up the elbow joint
the elbow joint is actually made from 3 separate joints
- humeroulnar joint
- humeroradial joint
- proximal radioulnar joint
open chain action:
this is when the foot is in the air
closed chain actions:
this is when the foot is planted on teh ground
what is important to remember about abduction
this can occur in two different motions because the definition is just referring to the increase in the angle between the femur and the pelvis
- abducting the right hip with an open chain action of the right foot (this causes the thigh to move laterally and the angle increases, this is the typical demonstration of abduction)
- abducting the right hip with a closed chain action of the right foot (this causes the left side of the pelvis to increase and this causes the angle of the pelvis in relation to the right femur is still increasing)
trendelenburg gait
- when we walk or run, we isometrically contract out gluteus medius on the side of the planted foot and this keeps the pelvis parallel to the ground, if the glut medius does not contract, the hip of the opposite planted foot would drop toward the floor
for this disease
- someone’s gait will look normal when they step with one foot but when they step with the other, the opposite hip would drop down due to the lack of innervation or damage to the glut medius on the that side
- this was the demonstration with the wood and the rubber band
