Bones and Joints of Upper extremities

Question 1

Pectoral Girdle

Answer 1

• articulates with the trunk and supports the upper limbs

bones: sternum, clavicle, scapula, humerus

Question 2

clavicle

Answer 2

• this articulates medially with the manubrium and sternum

- this articulates laterally with the acromion

Question 3

acromial end

Answer 3

this is the end of the clavicle that articulates with the scapula

Question 4

sternal end

Answer 4

this is the end of the clavicle that articulates with the manubrium of the sternum

Question 5

sternoclavicular joint

Answer 5

This is between the sternum and the clavicle. The sternoclavicular ligament helps to stabilize this joint.

• contains an articular disc of fibrocartilage
• this is the only joint that connects the upper extremity to the thorax

Question 6

acromioclavicular joint

Answer 6

it is the junction between the acromion and the clavicle.

It is a plane synovial joint.

Question 7

scapula

Answer 7

overlies the ribs 2-7
- this is broad, flat and triangular

has many important bony landmarks

Question 8

scapulothoracic joint

Answer 8

• not a true articulation. It is considered a functional joint between the scapula and the thoracic wall.
• is formed by the convex surface of the posterior thoracic cage and the concave surface of the anterior scapula.

Question 9

humerus

Answer 9

• this is the proximal bone of the brachium
• this articulates with the scapula, the radius, and the ulna
• the distal medial and lateral epicondyles are important for muscle attachment

Question 10

conoid tubercle

Answer 10

• on the clavicle

Attachment site for the coracoclavicular ligament

Question 11

head of humerus

Answer 11

Articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula

Question 12

anatomical neck

Answer 12

Just distal to the head of the humerus

Question 13

surgical neck

Answer 13

Common site for fractures of the humerus

Question 14

deloid tuberosity

Answer 14

Attachment for the deltoid muscle

Question 15

lesser tubercle

Answer 15

Attachment for the subscapularis muscle (and teres major)

Question 16

greater tubercle

Answer 16

Attachment for the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor

Question 17

interubercular sulcus

Answer 17

Passageway for the tendon of the long head of the biceps; attachment for the
latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles

Question 18

radial groove

Answer 18

Radial nerve travels here on its course around the posterior humerus

Question 19

medial epicondyle

Answer 19

Attachment site for muscles of the anterior forearm (flexors and pronator teres

Question 20

lateral epicondyle

Answer 20

Attachment site for muscles of the posterior forearm (extensors and supinator)

Question 21

glenohumeral joint

Answer 21

• a ball and socket joint between the scapula and the humerus.
• It is the major joint connecting the upper limb to the trunk.
• it is one of the most mobile joints in the human body, at the cost of joint stability.

Question 22

Glenoid Labrum

Answer 22

is a fibrocartilaginous structure rim attached around the margin of the glenoid cavity in the shoulder blade

• it is a ring of tissue surrounding the glenoid fossa
• Expands the depth of the glenoid fossa by approximately 50 percent to allow for increased motion

Question 23

Bursae

Answer 23

these are around the shoulder within the glenohumeral joint

• these decrease friction and movement around the joint

Question 24

ulna

Answer 24

this is the medial bone of the two parallel bones in the forearm

Question 25

radius

Answer 25

this is the lateral bone of the two parallel bones in the forearm

Question 26

proximal radioulnar joint

Answer 26

a synovial joint that connects the proximal ends of the radius and ulna.

• In this joint, the circumferent head of radius is placed within the ring formed by the radial notch of ulna and the annular ligament –> makes this joint a pivot joint

Question 27

annular ligament

Answer 27

this is a ligament that surrounds the radius, holding it tight to the ulna which still allowing it to rotate on the ulna with pronation and supination

-this is within the proximal radioulnar joint

Question 28

radial collateral ligament

Answer 28

• this is a short and narrow fibrous band that is less distinct that the ulnar collateral ligament
• this is on the radial side of the humeroulnar joint
• works with the ulnar collateral ligament to prevent abduction and adduction at the joint

Question 29

ulnar collateral ligament

Answer 29

• runs along the inner side of the elbow
• this is on the ulnar side of the humeroulnar joint
• works with the radial collateral ligament to prevent abduction and adduction at the joint

Question 30

distal radioulnar joint

Answer 30

the distal articulation between the radius and ulna.

The ulna is smaller distally while the radius is larger

Question 31

radiocarpal joint

Answer 31

this is the only true wrist joint

Question 32

metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP)

Answer 32

• these are the joints between the metacarpal bones and the proximal phalanges

Question 33

proximal interphalangeal joints (PIP)

Answer 33

this is the joints between the proximal phalanges and the middle phalanges
- there is not one on the thumb

Question 34

Distal interphalangeal joints (DIP)

Answer 34

• this is the joint between the middle and distal phalanges

Question 35

Interphalangeal joint (IP)

Answer 35

• this is the joint in the thumb between the proximal and distal phalange in the thumb

Question 36

what makes up the elbow joint

Answer 36

the elbow joint is actually made from 3 separate joints

• humeroulnar joint
• humeroradial joint
• proximal radioulnar joint

Question 37

open chain action:

Answer 37

this is when the foot is in the air

Question 38

closed chain actions:

Answer 38

this is when the foot is planted on teh ground

Question 39

what is important to remember about abduction

Answer 39

this can occur in two different motions because the definition is just referring to the increase in the angle between the femur and the pelvis

• abducting the right hip with an open chain action of the right foot (this causes the thigh to move laterally and the angle increases, this is the typical demonstration of abduction)
• abducting the right hip with a closed chain action of the right foot (this causes the left side of the pelvis to increase and this causes the angle of the pelvis in relation to the right femur is still increasing)

Question 40

trendelenburg gait

Answer 40

• when we walk or run, we isometrically contract out gluteus medius on the side of the planted foot and this keeps the pelvis parallel to the ground, if the glut medius does not contract, the hip of the opposite planted foot would drop toward the floor

for this disease
- someone’s gait will look normal when they step with one foot but when they step with the other, the opposite hip would drop down due to the lack of innervation or damage to the glut medius on the that side

• this was the demonstration with the wood and the rubber band