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Anatomy 337 > Heart and great vessels > Flashcards

Heart and great vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What two arteries branch off the ascending aorta

A

the left and right coronary arteries

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2
Q

what two arteries supply the upper extremities

A

the right and left subclavian arteries

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3
Q

what two arteries supply the head and brain

A

the right and left common carotid arteries

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4
Q

brachiocephalic trunk

A

this is what the right subclavian and right common carotid arteries branch out of after traveling from the left side of the body to the right since the heart location causes them to need to move to the right side of the body

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5
Q

when does the cardiovascular system begin in development

A
  • this develops early because although blood and nutrients are supplied by mother the child needs a heart to pump it through the body
  • it is the first major organ to become functional
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6
Q

ductus arterisosus

A

this is around before birth and allows for any blood that exited the right ventricle and is traveling into the pulmonary trunk to be shunted into the aorta so that it can bipass pulmonary circulation
-closes a couple days after birth due to changes in pressure when air is brought into the lungs

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7
Q

foramen ovale

A

this is a hole that is in the septum between the atria to bipass the pulmonary circulation
-closes a couple days after birth due to changes in pressure when air is brought into the lungs

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8
Q

apex

A
  • this is the inferior end of the heart

- this is left of midline

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9
Q

position of heart

A

-this is slightly left of midline and deep to the sternum

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10
Q

what is the inferior boarder of the heart

A

this is the right ventricle

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11
Q

that is the superior border of the heart

A

this is the aorta and the superior vena cava

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12
Q

cardiomegaly

A

this is an abnormal enlargement of the heart
- it takes up more space in the thoracic cavity and can be caused by a series of different things that caused the heart to work harder than it needed to and it grew in size but the heart can only work hard for so long before it results in heart failure

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13
Q

pericardium

A

this is similar to the pleura of the respiratory tract

- however, this contains three layers rather than 2: the fibrous pericardium, the serous pericardium (is two layers)

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14
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

this is the tough outter sac

  • prevents heart from overexpanding and taking in too much blood
  • important for the pumping action
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15
Q

serious pericardium

A

inner layer formed by 2 continuous layers

-visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium

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16
Q

visceral pericardium

A

this is the layer on the surface of the heart

-this even forms part of the heart wall

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17
Q

parietal pericardium

A

this is between the visceral and fibrous layers

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18
Q

pericardial space

A

the space between the parietal and the visceral pericardium

-contains pericardial fluid and reduces friction and allows for smooth gliding between the layers

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19
Q

what is important to remember about the heart’s position in relation to the pericardium

A

the heart is surrounded by the pericardium, it is not within the pericardium

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20
Q

pericardial effusion

A

this is when there is an accumulation of too much fluid in the pericardial cavity

  • this prevents the heart from expanding as much as it usually does and there is less blood that is entering the heart
  • can cause cardiac tamonade
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21
Q

constrictive pericaritis

A

this is the thickening of the parietal pericardium

  • this makes the heart more restricted and cannot fill as normal as it usually does
  • can lead to cardiac tamponade
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22
Q

what are the layers of the heart wall

A
  • epicardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
23
Q

epicardium

A

this is the outter most layer

-this is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium

24
Q

myocardium

A
  • this is the middle layer
  • this is the cardiac muscle
  • this is the thickest layer of the heart wall
25
Q

endocardium

A

this is endothelium
-this lines internal surfaces of the heart chambers and external surface of the heart valves
this is the same as what lines the inner walls of blood vessels and is continuous with it

26
Q

endocarditis

A

this is an inflamed endocardium and this leads to a thickening of the valves which then causes malfunction and prolapse (collapse backward) and the blood can flow the wrong way

27
Q

describe the order that the blood flows through the heart

A
  • enters the right atrium from the inferior/superior vena vaca
  • travels through the right AV valve (tricuspid)
  • enters the right ventricle
  • travels through the pulmonary semilunar valve
  • enters the pulmonary trunk
  • travels through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs
  • travels back to the heart in the pulmonary veins
  • enters the head into the left atrium
  • travels through the left AV valve (bicuspid/mitral)
  • enters the left ventricle
  • gets pumped through the aortic semilunar valve
  • enters the aortic trunk
  • is sent out to the extremities
28
Q

what is the thoracic aorta

A

-this is the portion of the descending aorta that is from the aortic arch to the diaphragm

29
Q

the abdominal aorta

A

this is the portion of the descending aorta that travels from the diaphragm to the branches of the iliac arteries

30
Q

ascending aorta

A
  • this is the side of the aorta on the other side of the aortic arch
  • it has two arteries coming off of it, the right and left coronary arteries
31
Q

aortic arch

A

this is the portion of the aorta that has the three main arteries that feed the upper extremities and the heart

  • brachiocephalic trunk
  • left common carotid artery
  • left subclavian artery
32
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

carries CO2 rich blood away from the heart to the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs and then returns O2 rich blood back to the heart

33
Q

systemic circuit

A

transports O2 rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body cells and returns CO2 rich blood back to the heart

34
Q

interatrial septum

A

this separates the two atria (this is where the foramen ovalis was as a fetus)

35
Q

interventricular septum

A

this separates the ventricles

36
Q

the right atrium

A

this receives O2 poor blood from the systemic circuit from the inferior and superior vena cavas

37
Q

inferior/superior vena cava

A

these vessels deliver oxygen poor blood from the body to the right artium of the heart

38
Q

pectinate muscles

A

these extend along the anterior wall of the right atrium

- muscular ridges?

39
Q

the right ventricle

A

receives oxygen poor blood from the right atrium and pumps this blood through the pulmonary trunk into the pulmonary circuit
-this is not as muscular as the left ventricle

40
Q

tricuspid valve

A
  • this connects the right atrium and right ventricle
  • it has one side of each flap attached to the cardiac skeleton of the heart
  • the other side of the flap is connected to the chordae tendineae
41
Q

chordae tendineae

A

these limit the movements of cusps when valves close and prevent backflow of the blood
-they extend from the papillary muscles

42
Q

papillary muscles

A

cone shaped muscular projections of the inner surface of the ventricle

43
Q

trabeculae carneae

A

irregular muscular ridges on the ventricle surfaces

44
Q

the left atrium

A

receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins

45
Q

bicuspid valve

A

this is separating the left atrium and the left ventricle

-this has two flaps (also means there are only two papillary muscles

46
Q

the left ventricle

A
  • this receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta
  • has a round cross section
  • has a much thicker myocardium layer than the right ventricle
47
Q

aortic semilunar valve

A

this is a three cusp valve within the aorta that prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle

48
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve

A

this is a three cusp valve within the aorta that prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle

49
Q

what is important to know about the semilunar valves

A

there are no chordea tendineae because the three cusps push against each other like the legs of a tripod and support each other that way

50
Q

ligamentum anteriosum

A

this is a fibrous band of connective tissue that is left over from the fetal blood vessel and is now attaching the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch

51
Q

what are the four components of the heart valves

A
  • a ring of connective tissue attached to cardiac skeleton
  • connective tissue cusps
  • chordae tendineae that attach to the cusps
  • papillary muscles that tense the chordae tendineae
52
Q

regurgitation

A

back flow of blood

-chordae tendineae and papillary muscles are essential to prevent this

53
Q

pulmonary trunk

A

this is the vessel that oxygen poor blood is pumped into from the right ventricle before entering the pulmonary circuit

54
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

these bring oxygen poor blood away from the heart and to the lungs to go to the sites of gas exchange

Anatomy 337 (39 decks)

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