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Anatomy 337 > Hearing and Vestibulation > Flashcards

Hearing and Vestibulation Flashcards

1
Q

auricle

A
  • this is the ecternal ear structure
  • also called the pinna
  • creates a funnel to the external acoustic meatus
  • this protects the opening passage way and provides sensitivity to the ear by directing sound inward to the tympanic membrane
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2
Q

external acoustic meatus

A

a passageway in the temporal bone that leads to the tympanic membrane of the middle ear

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3
Q

tympanic membrane

A

this is the eardrum

  • this separates the external auditory meatus and the middle ear
  • this is a thin semi transparent CT that separates the external and middle ear
  • this is what leads to the movement of the ossicles
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4
Q

cerumen

A
  • this is ear wax
  • this is secreted by ceruminous glands and these are modified sweat glands
  • this functions to protect the ear and lubricate the ear
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5
Q

external ear

A
  • this consists of the auricle, external acoustic meatus, and the tympanic membrane
  • also contains elastic cartilage
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6
Q

middle ear

A
  • this is the air filled tympanic activity that is between the tympanic membrane and the internal ear
  • contains the auditory ossicles
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7
Q

malleus

A
  • an auditory ossicle

- this is the ossicle that is bound to the tympanic membrane

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8
Q

incus

A
  • an auditory ossicle

- this connects the malleus and the stapes

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9
Q

stapes

A
  • an auditory ossicle
  • this is connected to the inner ear
  • the footplate almost completely covers the oval window in the bony wall of the middle ear
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10
Q

describe the movement from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear

A
  • the tympanic membrane converts arriving sound waves into mechanical movements and the mechanical movements vibrate the Malleus, which vibrates the incus, which vibrates the stapes and effects the fluid of the inner ear
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11
Q

what is important about the type of joint of the ossicles

A
  • the joints are synovial joints and this allows the movements to be in and out movements
  • this type of moment is amplifying the movement of the tympanic membrane
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12
Q

inner ear

A

a labyrinth that contains the organs or hearing and equilibrium

  • this is divided into two regions (the region for vestibulation and the region for hearing)
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13
Q

pharyngotympanic tube

A

this is a connection between the nasal cavity and the middle ear

  • this is designed to allow for equalization of pressure in the middle ear with the atmosphere
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14
Q

otitis media

A

this is an infection in the middle ear

  • this is different than swimmers ear or an outer ear infection
  • this is caused by a blockage of the pharyngotympanic tube
  • this is more common in children because their tube is more horizontal and as we age it becomes more vertical
  • if people consistently get an otitis media, they can go through a procedure to get a tube placed in
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15
Q

perforated eardrum

A
  • this is when there is a rupture in the ear drum
  • this can be caused by a physical trauma to the eardrum, a middle ear infection, or changes in pressure
  • this is why it is important for scuba divers and snorkelers to learn how to equalize their pressure at certain depths
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16
Q

bony labyrinth

A
  • this is within the temporal bone and surrounds and protects the membranous labyrinth
  • this is filled with perilymph
  • this consists of the vestibule, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea
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17
Q

membranous labyrinth

A
  • this is encased in the bony labyrinth and the perilymph
  • this is filled with endolymph
  • this can be divided into the vestibular complex (saccule and utricle) and the cochlear duct
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18
Q

perilymph

A

this is within the bony labyrinth and this surrounds the membranous labyrinth

  • this is similar to CSF
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19
Q

endolymph

A

this is within the membranous labyrinth

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20
Q

vestibule

A

a chamber within the internal ear
- this is the site of vestibulation

  • this contains the utricle, saccule, and semicircular ducts
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21
Q

vestibulation

A

this is the understanding of how the head is moving in space

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22
Q

cochlea

A

this is the spiral portion of the bony labyrinth of the internal ear that surrounds the hearing portion

  • this is divided into three channels: cochlear duct, the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani
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23
Q

tensor tympani

A
  • this is a short muscle in the middle ear that originates on the petrous part of the temporal bone
  • innervated by the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
  • a skeletal muscle
  • works to tense the ossicles and prevent forceful movements under very noisy conditions
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24
Q

stapedius

A
  • a muscle in the middle ear
  • this is the smallest skeletal muscle in the human body
  • this works to pull the stapes and reduce movement at the oval window
  • innervated by the facial nerve
  • works to tense the ossicles and prevent forceful movements under very noisy conditions
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25
Q

utricle

A

the largest chamber of the vestibular apparatus of the internal ear

  • this contains a macula that provides sensations about acceleration in the horizontal direction
  • this would be forward, backward, or side to side
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26
Q

saccule

A

a portion of the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear

  • this contains a macula that provides sensations about linear acceleration in the vertical direction
  • this would be up and down movements
27
Q

macula

A

this is the portion of the utricle or saccule that contains the hair cells

28
Q

otolithic membrane

A

this is the gelatinous layer within the vestibule

  • the hair cells are embedded within
  • contains otoliths
29
Q

otoliths

A

these are densely packed calcium carbonate crystals embedded in the gelatinous matrix

  • these are there to weigh down the gelatinous layer
30
Q

ampulla

A

this is the expanded region of each semicircular canal

- this contains an elevated region covered by hair cells (the sensory receptors)

31
Q

hair cells

A

these are the sensory receptors of the internal ear and are monitored by afferent fibers

  • these are highly specialized mechanoreceptors
  • the hair cells bend, they become depolarized and this causes the stimulation of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
32
Q

semicircular canals

A

there are three of these:

  • anterior
  • posterior
  • lateral

they all contain an ampulla and a cupula

  • these are continuous with the vestibule and surround the semicircular ducts
33
Q

semicircular duct

A
  • this responds to movements of the head based on the movement of the endolymph within
  • these are continuous with the utricle
  • these are surrounded by the semicircular canals
34
Q

anterior semicircular duct

A
  • this responds to movement in the saggital plane

- this would be the “yes” movement

35
Q

posterior semicircular duct

A
  • this responds to movement in the coronal plane

- this is tilting the head toward the shoulder

36
Q

lateral semicircular duct

A

this is responding to movement in the transverse plane

- this is the “no” movement

37
Q

what happens when the head is rotating in the plane of the duct

A
  • the rotational acceleration causes the endolymph to move and deform the gel layer (cupula)
  • this then stimulates the fibers of the vestibular portion of the CN VIII
38
Q

cupula

A

this is an overlying gelatinous dome that the hair cells are embedded in

39
Q

describe what happens with linear acceleration

A
  • when the body accelerates, the gel layer will move backwards in response to inertia and this movement lets the body know that it is moving forward
  • the otoliths push on the gel and this bends the hair cells
40
Q

scala vestibuli

A
  • this contains perilymph
  • this is adjacent to the vestibular membrane
  • the fluid in this channel is what is stimulated initially by the movements of the stapes at the oval window
41
Q

scala tympani

A
  • this contains perilymph
  • this is adjacent to the basilar membrane
  • the fluid here is what gets stimulated after the movement of the spiral organ and causes the dissipation of movement at the circular window
42
Q

cochlear duct

A

this is a tube within a tube

- this has the vestibular membrane, the basilar membrane, the spiral organ, and the tectorial membrane

43
Q

vestibular membrane

A

this is the roof of the cochlear duct

- this is adjacent to the scala vestibuli

44
Q

basilar membrane

A

this is the floor of the cochlear duct

  • this is what the spiral organ is on
  • this is adjacent to the scala tympani
45
Q

spiral organ

A

this sit s on the basilar membrane of the cochlear duct and this is ultimately responsible for the stimulation of the cochlear portion of CN VIII

  • this detects movements of the endolymph
  • it is a thick sensory endothelium with hair cells
46
Q

tectorial membrane

A
  • this is an overlying gel mass that the hair cells project into
47
Q

describe how the spiral organ detects movement

A
  • the fluid in the cochlear duct moves in response to the movement in perilymph of the scala vestibuli
  • this movement of fluid in the cochlear duct causes movement of the spiral organ
  • as the spiral organ moves, the hair cells bend and this leads to depolarization and stimulation of the nerve cells
48
Q

describe the movement of sound waves through the ear

A
  1. the sound waves come in and hit the tympanic membrane causes it to move
  2. the ossicles move in response
  3. the oval window vibrates
  4. the perilymph in the scala vestibuli moves
  5. the endolymph within the cochlear duct begins to move
  6. the basilar membrane and spiral organ vibrate
  7. this leads to sending info to the cochlear branch of CN VIII
  8. the perilymph in the scala tympani moves as the movement from the cochlear duct dissipates here
  9. the perilymph dissipates its movement onto the round window
49
Q

describe the CNS auditory pathway

A
  • the basilar membrane and the the spiral organ stimulate the cochlear part of the CN VIII
  • the axons of CN VIII travel and synapse at the cochlear nuclei in the brainstem
  • this signal is then sent to the inferior colliculi
  • then ascending sound information goes to the medial geniculate nucleus
  • then projection fibers deliver info to specific locations within the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe
50
Q

inferior colliculi

A
  • this are responsible for unconscious motor responses

- causes you to turn the head when you hear something

51
Q

what does a hearing aid do

A
  • this is something used to help amplify sound coming in because there is likely damage to the external ear or middle ear
  • the cranial nerve 8 is still working properly
52
Q

cochlear implant

A
  • this is placed because there is something wrong in the pathway that is leading to a lack of stimulation of CN VIII
  • whatever the issue is, this implant bipasses the structures and stimulates the nerve to give sense of hearing
53
Q

describe the CNS pathway of vestibulation

A
  • the vestibular portion of CN VIII is stimulated and sends info to the vestibular nuclei (medulla)
  • this then integrates sensory information and sends it to:
  • cerebellum
  • cerebral cortex
  • CN III, IV, VI, XI
  • spinal cord
54
Q

what is the importance of the integration of sensory information and it being sent to the cerebellum in the CNS pathway of vestibulation

A
  • this is smoothing out muscle movements and working on balance and coordinated movements
55
Q

what is the importance of the integration of sensory information and it being sent to the cerebral cortex in the CNS pathway of vestibulation

A
  • this is telling the brain what happened
56
Q

what is the importance of the integration of sensory information and it being sent to the CN III, IV, VI, XI in the CNS pathway of vestibulation

A

this is back to other CN because these are related to:

  • ocular movements (when you are spinning around and stop the first thing you try to do is find an object to focus your gaze
  • movements of the shoulder (stops your head from moving)
57
Q

what is the importance of the integration of sensory information and it being sent to the spinal cord in the CNS pathway of vestibulation

A
  • this is sending info to the legs to stabilize the body and stop moving, plant feet, flex quads etc
58
Q

stereocilia

A

80-90 long appendages that resemble microvilli on the hair cells

59
Q

kinocilium

A

a single large cilium on each hair cell

- these are not found in the cochlea

60
Q

oval window

A

this is an opening in the bony labyrinth where the stapes attached to the membranous wall of the vestibular opening

61
Q

round window

A

this is an opening in the dense bone wall of the cochlear spiral

  • this is inferior to the oval window
  • this is where the movement of the perilymph within the scala tympani dissipates
  • this is a thin membranous partition that separates the perilymph
62
Q

high frequency sounds are perceived where

A
  • these are perceived just proximal to the oval window
63
Q

low frequency sounds are perceived where

A

closer to the apex of the cochlea

64
Q

endolymphatic sac

A
  • this projects through the dura mater lining the temporal bone
  • this is surrounded by a capillary network and this is where the excess fluid that is produced is returned back into general circulation
  • this branches off a slender passageway that connects the utricle and the saccule

Anatomy 337 (39 decks)

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