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Anatomy 337 > Anatomical Terms/Epithelial Tissue > Flashcards

Anatomical Terms/Epithelial Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Superior

A

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body

ex: The head is ______ to the abdomen

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2
Q

inferior

A

toward the lower part of the structure or the body or away from the head end ; below
ex. The intestines are _____ to the liver

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3
Q

medial

A

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

ex. The heart is _____ to the lungs.

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4
Q

lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

ex. the thumb is _____ to the pinky.

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5
Q

proximal

A

closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
ex. The elbow is _____ to the wrist.

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6
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
ex. The knee is _____ to the thigh

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7
Q

ipsilateral

A

on the same side

ex. The right had and the right foot are ________.

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8
Q

Contralateral

A

On opposite sides

ex. The right hand and left foot are contralateral.

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9
Q

anterior

A

in front of, toward the front

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10
Q

posterior

A

behind, toward the back

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11
Q

cranial

A

toward the head end

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12
Q

caudal

A

toward the tail end

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13
Q

rostral

A

toward the nose

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14
Q

deep

A

toward the inside, under the stucture

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15
Q

superficial

A

toward the outside surface, above another structure

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16
Q

prone

A

facing down or rearward (as in the palms or the body)

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17
Q

supine

A

Facing up or forward (as in the palms or the body)

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18
Q

afferent

A

conducting toward

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19
Q

efferect

A

conducting away from

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20
Q

necrosis

A

bad cell death

- some sort of pathology or something going on went wrong

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21
Q

apoptosis

A
  • good cell death

- we need aging cells or worn out cells to die off so new ones can form and replace them

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22
Q

neoplasia

A

abnormal proliferation; cells dividing way too quickly or in a weird way

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23
Q

four tissue types:

A
  1. epithelial tissue
  2. connective tissue
  3. Muscle tissue
  4. nervous tissue
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24
Q

functions of epithelial tissue

A
  1. protection
  2. sensation
  3. control permeability
  4. secretions
  5. simple diffusion
  6. absorption- transcellular transport
  7. surface parallel transport
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25
Q

Apicial Surface

A
  • this means toward the open area
  • in an organ this is toward the lumen
  • has microvilli and cilia
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26
Q

Purpose of microvilli for apical surface

A
  • maximizes surface area

- transcellular transport

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27
Q

transcellular transport

A

absorbing something into the cell and transporting it through the cell and out through the basal aspect toward the basement membrane

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28
Q

Purpose of cilia for apical surface

A
  • highly motile
  • perform surface parallel transport
  • nothing to do with absorption*
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29
Q

surface parallel tranport

A

is is the movement of things through the lumen using the cilia on the cells to propel it forward over the apical surface (does not go through the apical, it is not absorption)

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30
Q

why is there things established to maintain the integrity of the epithelium

A

it is exposed to many different harsh environments and needs to be able to respond to stress well

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31
Q

how does the integrity of the epithelium get maintained

A
  • attachment to the basement membrane
  • intercellular connections
  • epithelial maintenance and renewal
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32
Q

Basal vs. apical

A

apical is toward the open area

basal is toward the underlying tissues

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33
Q

what does the basement membrane do for integrity

A

-anchors the epithelial tissue to the underlying tissues

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34
Q

intercellular junctions

A
  • four types used to maintain integrity
    1. tight junctions
    2. adhering junctions
    3. desmosomes
    4. gap junctions*** (do not assist with maintaining integrity of epithelial tissue)
35
Q

tight junctions

A
  • these are the gate keepers

- they stop things from going between the cells that should be absorbed

36
Q

adhering junctions

A
  • these are for support and stability

- they act like a belt and they hold cells together

37
Q

desmosomes

A
  • these are for support and stability

- these act like snap buttons that pull together cells and stop them from being pulled apart

38
Q

gap junctions

A

-easy cell to cell communication (do not assist with maintaining integrity of epithelial tissue)

39
Q

what is key to survival of epithelial tissue

A
  • regeneration is key!
  • this is super important due to the harsh environments within the body
  • some regeneration can occur in just 3-5 days!
40
Q

Why can rapid regeneration also make epithelial cells more vulnerable

A

-this can lead to carcinoma or metaplasia which can affect the ability of the epithelial tissue to work properly

41
Q

carcinoma

A

malignant tumor of epithelia

can also be from a gland which would be adenocarcinoma. adeno = gland

42
Q

metaplasia

A

normal epithelia from one area replaced by another form of epithelia not typical for that region

43
Q

what is bad about metaplasia in the respiratory tract

A
  • this can lead to lack of function because if it is replaced with squamous metaplasia then there will be less cilia and the body won’t be abel to naturally get the mucous out.
  • Additionally when the wrong type of tissue is in the wrong place then it is more likely to regenerate incorrectly.
44
Q

Glands

A
  • derived form epithelia
  • can be individual cells or multicellular organs
  • perform secretory function
45
Q

exocrine glands

A

these are glands that secrete their products through ducts to the epithelial surface

46
Q

goblet cells

A
  • unicellular exocrine gland
  • produces mucin
  • part of the cell itself acts as a duct
47
Q

mucin

A
  • this is used to make mucus

- mucin + water = mucus (protects and lubricates internal body surfaces

48
Q

endocrine glands

A

ductless glands that produce and secrete hormones into the blood stream

  • secretion from endocrine can be humoral, neural, or hormonal
  • endocrine organs are highly vascularized
49
Q

humoral secretion

A

different substance levels in the blood regulate the secretion of hormones

50
Q

neural secretion

A

when a nerve impulse causes a hormone to be released

51
Q

hormonal secretion

A

when one hormone causes a gland to secrete another hormone

52
Q

Connective Tissue (CT)

A
  • most abundant and diverse of the four tissue types
  • composed of some cells and lots of extracellular matrix
  • different CT are composed of different cell types
53
Q

fibroblasts

A

these are the cells in “proper connective tissue”

-these produce protein fibers and ground substance and put in extracellular space

54
Q

what makes the extracellular matrix

A

this is produced by the cells of that connective tissue

55
Q

extracellular matrix

A

is made up of ground substance and protein fibers

56
Q

connective tissue proper

A

this is the general category for the different types of connective tissues
-can be divided into dense connective tissue and loose connective tissue

57
Q

ground substance

A

found between fibers and cells of CT

-made of water salts and other substances

58
Q

what do the protein fibers do

A

these provide support to the Extracellular matrix

  • three types:
    1. elastic
    2. collagen
    3. reticular
59
Q

elastic fibers

A

these allow structures to stretch and recoil

60
Q

collagen fibers

A
  • these are very strong and flexible
  • provide strength
  • these are found in our tendons
61
Q

reticular fibers

A
  • found in organs where we need alot of space but still need support
  • allows for blood vessels to transfer through
62
Q

loose connective tissue

A

three types:

  1. areolar CT
  2. adipose CT
  3. reticular CT
63
Q

areolar CT

A

Used to fill space within the body

  • a loose connective tissue
  • widely distributed
  • highly vascularized
  • contains all three fiber types
64
Q

adipose CT

A 
Functions: 
--provides fuel
--insulates the body
--stores energy, water, vitamins, hormones
--supports and protects organs
(adipocytes "fat cells")
(highly vascularized)
65
Q

reticular CT

A

Network of reticular fibers in loose ground substance

  • used to create a scaffolding within a cell to allow space within a cell
  • it makes a soft internal skeleton that supports the other cell types
66
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

three types:

  1. regular CT
  2. irregular CT
  3. elastic CT
67
Q

Dense regular CT

A

*made of parallel collagen fibers
can resist force in one direction
- important in tendons so they can resist the force of the muscle pull (since they only pull in one direction)

68
Q

Dense irregular CT

A

*mainly made of thick collagen fibers in a random arrangement
can resist force in multiple directions
-important for places around joints (pericardium in cartilage) because there is pressure in many directions when joint move

69
Q

elastic CT

A
  • made of mainly elastic fibers
  • can stretch and recoil
  • important in blood vessels to allow them to hold blood and recoil to push blood
70
Q

Cell Shape

A

 Squamous:
 Cuboidal:
 Columnar:

71
Q

layering

A
  • simple

- stratified

72
Q

simple

A
  • One layering of cells that cover the basement membrane
  • These are thin and fragile and are found in protected areas within the body
  • Typically tend to be found where secretion, absorption and filtration occurs
73
Q

stratified

A
  • This is two or more layers of cells (and cell height between layers can differ
  • They are stronger and thicker than simple
  • They are found where chemical stresses are common or severe
74
Q

squamous

A

thin, flat and irregular in shape

75
Q

cubodial

A
  • These are hexagonal boxes that often appear square

* They have a height and width that appear to be the same

76
Q

columnar

A
  • These have a hexagonal cross section

* Their height is greater than their width

77
Q

simple squamous

A

Most delicate type in the body

Found in the skin, lining of the capillaries, and lines the pleural and peritoneal cavities

78
Q

simple cuboidal

A

These provide limited protection and are involved in secretion and absorption
found in the pancreas, salivary glands and the kidney collecting ducts

79
Q

simple columnar

A

Provides slightly more protection than simple cuboidal

Found in the uterine tubes, stomach, and intestinal track

80
Q

stratified squamous

A

These occur where stresses occur
Can be keratinized or non keratinized
Found in the oral cavity, vagina, esophagus

81
Q

stratified cuboidal

A

These are rare
Allow for selective absorption and secretion
Found in the sweat glands, mamillary glands, and salivary glands

82
Q

stratified columnar

A

Rare/ allows for secretion and protects

These are found in the urethra, ducts of glands, pharynx

83
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

A

All of the cells are attached to the basement membrane, so it is SIMPLE
The surface of the cells possess cilia
Lines the trachea and upper respiratory tract
help trap and transport particles that are found in the respiratory track

84
Q

transitional epithelium

A

This is a stratified epithelium that can stretch without damaging the cells
Lines the bladder, urethra, and ureters

Anatomy 337 (39 decks)

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