Autonomic Nervous system: U2

Question 1

somatic nervous system

Answer 1

part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles.

• the lower motor neurons innervate the skeletal muscles
• there is typically one neuron from the spinal cord to the effector
• they will be highly myelinated
• the lower motor neurons are only capable of exciting the muscles

Question 2

autonomic nervous system

Answer 2

the part of the peripheral nervous system responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes.

Question 3

preganglionic neruon

Answer 3

A motor neuron having a cell body located in the brain or spinal cord

• has a myelinated axon that travels out of the central nervous system
• before the autonomic ganglian
• parasympathetic will be long
• sympathetic will be short

Question 4

post ganglionic neuron

Answer 4

A neuron of the autonomic nervous system whose cell body lies in an autonomic ganglion and whose axon terminates in a visceral effector (smooth or cardiac muscle or glands).
-these are not myelinated

Question 5

preganglionic axon

Answer 5

this will be lightly myelinated
parasympathetic:
- long
sympathetiic:
-short

Question 6

postganglionic axon

Answer 6

this will be unmyelinated
parasympathetic:
- short
sympathetiic:
-long

Question 7

ganglian

Answer 7

• a junction between autonomic nerves originating from the CNS and autonomic nerves innervating their target organs in the periphery.

Question 8

acetylcholine

Answer 8

• released from cholinergic receptors
• this is released onto the ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic
• this is released at the ganglia and the target tissue of the parasympathetic

Question 9

thoracolumbar

Answer 9

this is referring to the sympathetic nervous system because the spinal nerves where the preganglionic nerves originate are in these regions

Question 10

craniosacral

Answer 10

this is referring to the parasympathetic nervous system because the spinal nerves where the preganglionic nerves originate are in these regions

Question 11

sympathetic chain (trunk)

Answer 11

a ganglionated chain present bilaterally extending from the base of the skull to the coccyx. It divides into cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral segments. The two side chains fuse at the ganglion in front of the sacrococcygeal junction
- this is the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system

Question 12

sympathetic chain ganglia

Answer 12

• these are the the bulges of the sympathetic chain

- contains the cell bodies of the post ganglionic neurons

Question 13

norepinephrine

Answer 13

this is released by the postganglionic neurons at the target organ in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Question 14

what does the adrenal gland release?

Answer 14

• norepinephrine and epinephrine

- released into the blood and adds to the sympathetic systems ability to have widespread effects throughout the body

Question 15

duel innervation

Answer 15

• this is when a body part can be effected by the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous systems
• they will usually have opposing effects on that select organ

Question 16

referred pain

Answer 16

• this is when the body gets confused because we do not have conscious pain from out organs and the body recognizes this pain as pain coming from the sensory area that has information being sent through the same spinal cord as the organ

Question 17

cardiac plexus

Answer 17

• parasympathetic innervates this from the vagus nerve
• sympathetic innervates this from the postganglionic sympathetic path
• these effect the heart

Question 18

plexus

Answer 18

this is where sympathetic postganglionic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers intermix on there way to different organs

Question 19

esophogeal Plexus

Answer 19

• parasympathetic innervates this from the vagus nerve
• sympathetic innervates this from the postganglionic sympathetic path
• these effect the lower smooth muscle of the esophagus

Question 20

pulmonary plexus

Answer 20

• parasympathetic innervates this from the vagus nerve
• sympathetic innervates this from the postganglionic sympathetic path
• these effect the lungs and the bronchi

Question 21

abdominal aortic plexuses

Answer 21

Celiac plexus
Superior mesenteric plexus
Inferior mesenteric plexus

Question 22

Celiac plexus

Answer 22

• parasympathetic innervates this from the vagus nerve
• sympathetic innervates this from the splanchnic nerve pathway
• these effect the forgut

Question 23

Superior mesenteric plexus

Answer 23

• parasympathetic innervates this from the vagus nerve
• sympathetic innervates this from the splanchnic nerve pathway
• these effect the midgut

Question 24

Inferior mesenteric plexus

Answer 24

• parasympathetic innervates this from the S2-4 spinal nerves
• sympathetic innervates this from the splanchnic nerve pathway using the lumbar splanchnic nerve
• these effect the hind gut

Question 25

hypogastric plexus

Answer 25

this is where the sacral spinal nerves all interact before traveling out to the hindgut (they will then go through the inferior mesenteric plexus) or the pelvis ***for the sympathetic these only effect the pelvic organs

Question 26

vagus nerve

Answer 26

- this is the tenth cranial nerve that - this supplies the heart, lungs, bronchi, esophagus, foregut and midgut - it travels through a hole in the diaphragm to make it to the abdomen - parasympathetic innervation

Question 27

pelvic splanchnic nerves for parasympathetic

Answer 27

arise from S2, S3 and S4 nerve roots and go into the hypogastric plexus -they go to the hindgut and the pelvis

Question 28

White rami communicantes

Answer 28

preganglionic sympathetic axons from the sympathetic axons of the T1-L2 level - they are myelinated so they are white - this is where they travel in the sympathetic chain prior to reaching the bulges where they either travel up, leave, or go to the gray rami communicantes - this is present in all of the sympathetic pathways

Question 29

Gray rami communicantes

Answer 29

post ganglionic sympathetic axons from the sympathetic trunk to the spinal cord - only is used within the spinal nerve pathway - unmyelinated axons (gray)

Question 30

Greater thoracic splanchnic nerve

Answer 30

this goes out to the celiac ganglian | -in the sympathetic nervous system

Question 31

Lesser thoracic splanchnic nerve

Answer 31

this goes out to the superior mesenteric ganglian | -in the sympathetic nervous system

Question 32

Least thoracic splanchnic nerve

Answer 32

this goes to either the superior mesenteric ganglian or the inferior mesenteric ganglian -in the sympathetic nervous system

Question 33

Lumbar splanchnic nerve

Answer 33

this goes out to the inferior mesenteric ganglian | -in the sympathetic nervous system

Question 34

Sacral splanchnic nerves

Answer 34

this goes out to the hypogastric plexus | -in the sympathetic nervous system

Question 35

celiac ganglia

Answer 35

this is where the pre and post ganglionic axons interact before innervating the forgut in the splanchnic nerve pathway of the sympathetic nervous system

Question 36

superior mesenteric ganglia

Answer 36

this is where the pre and post ganglionic axons interact before innervating the midgut in the splanchnic nerve pathway of the sympathetic nervous system

Question 37

inferior mesenteric ganglia

Answer 37

this is where the pre and post ganglionic axons interact before innervating the hind gut in the splanchnic nerve pathway of the sympathetic nervous system

Question 38

Postganglionic sympathetic pathway

Answer 38

- in the sympathetic nervous system - once in the chain, it ascends up through the chain and synapses at the post ganglionic neuron in the chain and that then exits the chain - originates in the T1-T5 - head, heart, lungs/bronchi, lower esophagus

Question 39

Splanchnic nerve pathway

Answer 39

- in the sympathetic nervous system - once in the chain, this leaves the chain straight away and then synapses onto the post ganglionic - forgut, midgut, hindgut, pelvic region

Question 40

Adrenal medulla pathway

Answer 40

- in the sympathetic nervous system - once in the chain, this leaves the chain straight away and then synapses onto the adrenal medulla - this releases epi and NE into the blood stream

Question 41

spinal nerve pathway

Answer 41

- in the sympathetic nervous system - this is the only pathway that uses the gray rami - once in the chain, it synapses on the post ganglionic and that goes back to the spinal nerve through the gray rami and then travels out through the spinal nerve to the integumentary structures - arrector pili, sweat glands, and the blood vessels - these are from the T1-T12

Question 42

what do all of the pathways have in common in the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 42

- begins in the ventral horn, travels through the ventral root, to the spinal nerve and enters the sympathetic chain through the white rami

Question 43

superior, middle and inferior cervical ganglian

Answer 43

is the most superior ganglias of the sympathetic chain, bilaterally -they are not directly lateral to the T1-T5 where they originate, the fibers ascend upwards so there are at the top of the chain

Question 44

prevertebral ganglia

Answer 44

``` collections of cell bodies immediately anterior to the vertebral column on the anterloateral surface of the aorta -they cluster around arteries we have three of them - the celiac -the superior mesenteric -the inferior mesenteric ```

Question 45

adrenal glands

Answer 45

paired pyramid shaped glands on the superior boarder of the kidneys - all the adrenal hormones help the body cope with danger, terror or stress. contains a cortex and a medulla

Question 46

adrenal medulla

Answer 46

- releases norepinephrine and epinephrine - helps us prepare for damage/stress and fight or flight - this is highly vascularized and allows for direct secretion into the blood stream.

Question 47

adrenal cortex

Answer 47

- this has 3 layers | - each produces different hormones

Question 48

forgut

Answer 48

-lower esophagus - stomach -gallbladder -liver -spleen -duodenum Celiac artery/ganglian/plexus

Question 49

midgut

Answer 49

- dudenum - jejunum - ileum - cecum - appendix - ascending colon - proximal 2/3 transverse colon - superior mesenteric artery/ganglion/ plexus

Question 50

hindgut

Answer 50

-transsverse colon -descending colon -sigmoid colon - rectum inferior mesenteric artey/ ganglion/ plexus