oceans 2.2.9 global commons

Question 1

what are the Global commons
what does this include

Answer 1

The global commons are global resources that are so large that it is a domain no one owns, as it’s out of any political reach of one state
(no one takes responsibility so everyone is affected)
E.g.
- 60% of the oceans are the high seas
- Atmosphere
- Antarctica
- Space

Question 2

What does the term ‘tragedy of the commons ‘ mean
what does it lead to

Answer 2

An economical issue where shared resources are exploited
leading to demand being more than supply which means that resources become unavailable for everyone due to individuals being greedy for economic wealth

Question 3

explain the global common of the high seas and how over fishing in Canada was a tragedy of the commons which was managed

Answer 3

High Seas is a global common
- Everyone can fish, but over fishing in Canada, Newfoundland become a problem
Then cod fishing was banned in 1992, putting 40,000 people out of work

Question 4

Explain how Commercial Whaling was a tragedy of the commons

what did this lead to

how successful was the management strategy

Answer 4

Commercial Whaling nearly made whales extinct
Therefore, it was banned for 30 years by the IWC international whaling commission which is made up of nations that do whaling

This was a management strategy that worked because whale stocks replenished

Question 5

why does over exploitation occur

Answer 5

occurs due to increased affluence

Countries are developing because of increased trade and prosperity in emerging countries in MINT group (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey)

Question 6

what has over exploitation led to

Answer 6

resulted in over consumption, creating more pressure on global resources

Question 7

name 3 impacts of over exploitation due to increase in affluence

Answer 7

1. Invasive species- latch onto boats and go into foreign waters
2. marine ecosystem impacts- excessive hunting affects food chain
3. social impacts- job losses due to over fishing

Question 8

explain the two ways of managing marine environments
Con
Pre

Answer 8

conservation- being efficient and non wasteful

Preservation is unsustainable for humans if you don’t use resources

Question 9

Name the three ways to manage marine environments

mention if they conserve or preserve resources

Answer 9

1. Local no catch zones - preservation
2. Regional quotas - conservation
3. Marine Conservation Zones - preservation

Question 10

Briefly explain what
no catch zones are
regional quotas
marine conservation zones

Answer 10

No catch zones are often part of national parks - no extractions are allowed
Regional quotas- is allowing catchments to a limit in a year, once they get to the limit they must stop the fishing for that year
Marine Conservation Zones- also known as marine protected areas to protect a range of thretened species and habitats- UNCLOS mission to do 30-30 so 30%of oceans are MPAs by 2030