oceans 2.2.8 distribution and ownership of resources Flashcards
define what ISA stands for
ISA stands for International seabed authority
what is a black smoker
black smoker is a hydrothermal vent, which is a fissure on the sea floor where geothermal heated water issues
what is the ISA’s function
International seabed authority function is to regulate the exploration and exploitation of mineral resources in ‘the area’
- What is meant by the term ‘The Area’
- What is it out the limits of
- What % does the area make up of the entire sea bed
‘The Area’ is the seabed & subsoil beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.
The outer limits of the continental shelf. The Area comprises just over 50% of the entire seabed on Earth.
name the three main marine resources
Manganese Nodules
Cobalt Crusts
Sulphates at ‘black smokers’
What are the benefits of extracting these mineral resources
What type of countries are benefiting from these
The main benefit is for economic value used for economic goods
- There’s been increased economic growth in emerging countries, because of the increase in resource price
Where are mangenese nodules found in the highest densities
On the west coast of Mexico in the Clariton Clipperton zone
What makes mining these resources a problem
When the seabed is not flat and when there is presence of volcanic elevation areas
What do the ISA do when exploring these minerals
The ISA survey the mangenese fields on the seafloor to investigate potential mining areas
Where are cobalt found and what are the challenges for mining it
Cobalt is found on the flanks of submarine (underwater) volcanoes
A problem with mining these is that they occur in territorial waters of countries and the topography is difficult to mine of (steep and ragged)
When can Black Smokers be mined
Only when they are in-active vents
How is the Clarion Clipperton Zone being managed and by what UN body
ISA governs these international waters, so when companies what to exploit any nodules from the CCZ out of their territorial waters
The ISA ensures that they are sponsored by a member Nation, so any profits are shared among states
How has UNCLOS tried to reduce geopolitical tension
but what tension is there still
They allowed countries to be extended to 200 NM from their shoreline
however there’s still tension between countries where some aren’t obeying the UNCLOS policies
How has ISA reduced geopolitical tension between countries
ISA has extended some countries ownership of the floor due to the argument that it is just an extension from there continental self, to 350 NM from their land
But this does not include the water above because that is the high seas
Name the 2 examples which caused geopolitical tension
South china sea- tension over the Spratly islands where superpower china claims all 7 man-made islands that were underwater reefs, using the cabbage strategy to enforce ownership and build naval, bases on them
They ignore EEZs where these islands are in the Philippines zone and they use the 9 dash line to claim the sea
Falkland islands- tension between UK and Argentina of who owns them
Falkland islands are located off the coast of Argentina in south Atlantic ocean- a war was won by Britain of who owns them
What were the reasons for conflict over the Scarborough shoals and Spratly Islands in the South China Sea
why did P confront C
Why does C want ownership over this sea
why do C want to own the S I
Philippines confronted china with naval ships because china was in their territorial waters
China wants owenership over the south china sea due to rich resources such as fishing (10% of world’s fishing), oil (11 bn barrels) and major shipping route (30% of global shipping trade)
Reason why China wants ownership over the Spratly Islands is, so they they can gain more EEZs around them
What management was put in place that china ignored
The UNCLOS 200 NM EEZs they ignored and now claims 90% of south china sea
To manage China, USA patrol ships and air crafts in and over the sea to show they have hard power to, in order to warn China not to push it too far
Why do Britain and Argentina want the Falkland islands
Due to the valuable addition to global energy supplies, if they exploited the oils and natural gases there gain 7 bn dollars worth
What was the end result of the war between Britain and Argentina and who still disagrees
Britain owns the Falkland islands as they won the war, which are UNCLOS policies, so no management is necessary
but Argentina remains to disagree with this
2.2.8 c landlocked countries
What is the main problem with being a landlocked country
They are restricted with resource access because they don’t have an EEZ, so do not have access to any marine resources and fishing
The GDP of a landlocked country is way lower than a non land locked countries by what %
40%
What is a key thing to remember about HDI in relation to land locked countries
The majority of the lowest HDI (human development Index) are landlocked countries apart from Switerland which has the highest HDI as it is the world’s most developed country
What is the main management strategy to help landlocked countries
Landlocked countries still have the innocent right of passage, so are allowed boats to sail through territorial waters as well as transiting through a country to get to the coast as long as they are just driving through
What is a double landlocked country
how many of these are there
Where a landlocked country id entirely surrounded by other landlocked countries
only 2
name the 4 challenges landlocked countries have USING BOLIVIA AS EXAMPLE
T
R A
E
G V name an example country border
- Trade limitations as they have to be dependent on neighbours for access to global markets (rely on transit states)
TRADE COSTS 1.5X HIGHER
GET CHARGED BY CHILE FOR USING THEIR PORTS - Limited to resource access such as oil, fish, and marine minerals EXPORTING IS NOT EFFICIENT USING CHILEAN PORTS AS THEY AREN’T PRIORITISED
- economic disadvantages due to higher import and export prices as they have to transit through neighbours
GDP $5,000 LESS THAN SOUTH AMERICAN AVERAGE - Geopolitical Vulnerability depending on diplomatic relations with neighbouring states for example Chile- Bolivian border- war of the pacific for 5 years
TRY AND REGAIN TERRITORY EG. 2013 STRIKE OF CHILEAN CUSTOMS, BUT LED TO 12 KM OF QUEUES OF LORRIES IN BOLIVIA
Explain in 3 points what the conflict was on the Chile-Bolivian border
who it involved
who won
who were allys
what did this war result in
What is the ongoing dispute about
Who does this affect and how
Conflict between Chile, Peru and Bolivia
Chile won over Bolivia’s coastline
Bolivia and Peru are ally’s
Resulted in Bolivia being a landlocked country
Ongoing dispute where Bolivia still claims sovereign access to the pacific ocean
Affects Bolivia’s development and economic growth
List 3 reasons for Arctic resource exploration
-It is 13% of the world’s undiscovered oil and 30% of untapped natural gases
- Large amounts of hydro carbons are available now the ice is melting
- profit
- 90 bn barrels of oil is potentially holds
who have competing claims over these arctic waters
superpowers, indigenous communities and nations
name 2 political implications in relation to arctic ocean resources
- Russia planted a flag om seabed of north pole, claiming it but this has no legal significance
- potential shipping lanes (north west passage) Canada claims it but arguments against this to suggest it’s an international space
name one positive and negative impact for resource exploration in arctic
environmental
social
environmental
pos- investment in local community
neg- positive feedback loop causing more CC and arctic doesn’t have billions of bacteria, so env damage could impact it on a cataclysmic scale
social
pos- economically benefit Inuit, providing job opportunites
neg- coastal villages are eroding away
