oceans 2.2.8 distribution and ownership of resources

Question 1

define what ISA stands for

Answer 1

ISA stands for International seabed authority

Question 2

what is a black smoker

Answer 2

black smoker is a hydrothermal vent, which is a fissure on the sea floor where geothermal heated water issues

Question 3

what is the ISA’s function

Answer 3

International seabed authority function is to regulate the exploration and exploitation of mineral resources in ‘the area’

Question 4

1. What is meant by the term ‘The Area’
   - What is it out the limits of
   - What % does the area make up of the entire sea bed

Answer 4

‘The Area’ is the seabed & subsoil beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.
The outer limits of the continental shelf. The Area comprises just over 50% of the entire seabed on Earth.​

Question 5

name the three main marine resources

Answer 5

Manganese Nodules
Cobalt Crusts
Sulphates at ‘black smokers’

Question 6

What are the benefits of extracting these mineral resources
What type of countries are benefiting from these

Answer 6

The main benefit is for economic value used for economic goods
- There’s been increased economic growth in emerging countries, because of the increase in resource price

Question 7

Where are mangenese nodules found in the highest densities

Answer 7

On the west coast of Mexico in the Clariton Clipperton zone

Question 8

What makes mining these resources a problem

Answer 8

When the seabed is not flat and when there is presence of volcanic elevation areas

Question 9

What do the ISA do when exploring these minerals

Answer 9

The ISA survey the mangenese fields on the seafloor to investigate potential mining areas

Question 10

Where are cobalt found and what are the challenges for mining it

Answer 10

Cobalt is found on the flanks of submarine (underwater) volcanoes

A problem with mining these is that they occur in territorial waters of countries and the topography is difficult to mine of (steep and ragged)

Question 11

When can Black Smokers be mined

Answer 11

Only when they are in-active vents

Question 12

How is the Clarion Clipperton Zone being managed and by what UN body

Answer 12

ISA governs these international waters, so when companies what to exploit any nodules from the CCZ out of their territorial waters
The ISA ensures that they are sponsored by a member Nation, so any profits are shared among states

Question 13

How has UNCLOS tried to reduce geopolitical tension
but what tension is there still

Answer 13

They allowed countries to be extended to 200 NM from their shoreline
however there’s still tension between countries where some aren’t obeying the UNCLOS policies

Question 14

How has ISA reduced geopolitical tension between countries

Answer 14

ISA has extended some countries ownership of the floor due to the argument that it is just an extension from there continental self, to 350 NM from their land
But this does not include the water above because that is the high seas

Question 15

Name the 2 examples which caused geopolitical tension

Answer 15

South china sea- tension over the Spratly islands where superpower china claims all 7 man-made islands that were underwater reefs, using the cabbage strategy to enforce ownership and build naval, bases on them
They ignore EEZs where these islands are in the Philippines zone and they use the 9 dash line to claim the sea

Falkland islands- tension between UK and Argentina of who owns them
Falkland islands are located off the coast of Argentina in south Atlantic ocean- a war was won by Britain of who owns them

Question 16

What were the reasons for conflict over the Scarborough shoals and Spratly Islands in the South China Sea

why did P confront C

Why does C want ownership over this sea

why do C want to own the S I

Answer 16

Philippines confronted china with naval ships because china was in their territorial waters

China wants owenership over the south china sea due to rich resources such as fishing (10% of world’s fishing), oil (11 bn barrels) and major shipping route (30% of global shipping trade)

Reason why China wants ownership over the Spratly Islands is, so they they can gain more EEZs around them

Question 17

What management was put in place that china ignored

Answer 17

The UNCLOS 200 NM EEZs they ignored and now claims 90% of south china sea

To manage China, USA patrol ships and air crafts in and over the sea to show they have hard power to, in order to warn China not to push it too far

Question 18

Why do Britain and Argentina want the Falkland islands

Answer 18

Due to the valuable addition to global energy supplies, if they exploited the oils and natural gases there gain 7 bn dollars worth

Question 19

What was the end result of the war between Britain and Argentina and who still disagrees

Answer 19

Britain owns the Falkland islands as they won the war, which are UNCLOS policies, so no management is necessary
but Argentina remains to disagree with this

Question 20

2.2.8 c landlocked countries

What is the main problem with being a landlocked country

Answer 20

They are restricted with resource access because they don’t have an EEZ, so do not have access to any marine resources and fishing

Question 21

The GDP of a landlocked country is way lower than a non land locked countries by what %

Answer 21

40%

Question 22

What is a key thing to remember about HDI in relation to land locked countries

Answer 22

The majority of the lowest HDI (human development Index) are landlocked countries apart from Switerland which has the highest HDI as it is the world’s most developed country

Question 23

What is the main management strategy to help landlocked countries

Answer 23

Landlocked countries still have the innocent right of passage, so are allowed boats to sail through territorial waters as well as transiting through a country to get to the coast as long as they are just driving through

Question 24

What is a double landlocked country
how many of these are there

Answer 24

Where a landlocked country id entirely surrounded by other landlocked countries
only 2

Question 25

name the 4 challenges landlocked countries have USING BOLIVIA AS EXAMPLE
T
R A
E
G V name an example country border

Answer 25

1. Trade limitations as they have to be dependent on neighbours for access to global markets (rely on transit states)
   TRADE COSTS 1.5X HIGHER
   GET CHARGED BY CHILE FOR USING THEIR PORTS
2. Limited to resource access such as oil, fish, and marine minerals EXPORTING IS NOT EFFICIENT USING CHILEAN PORTS AS THEY AREN’T PRIORITISED
3. economic disadvantages due to higher import and export prices as they have to transit through neighbours
   GDP $5,000 LESS THAN SOUTH AMERICAN AVERAGE
4. Geopolitical Vulnerability depending on diplomatic relations with neighbouring states for example Chile- Bolivian border- war of the pacific for 5 years
   TRY AND REGAIN TERRITORY EG. 2013 STRIKE OF CHILEAN CUSTOMS, BUT LED TO 12 KM OF QUEUES OF LORRIES IN BOLIVIA

Question 26

Explain in 3 points what the conflict was on the Chile-Bolivian border

who it involved
who won
who were allys
what did this war result in
What is the ongoing dispute about
Who does this affect and how

Answer 26

Conflict between Chile, Peru and Bolivia
Chile won over Bolivia’s coastline
Bolivia and Peru are ally’s
Resulted in Bolivia being a landlocked country
Ongoing dispute where Bolivia still claims sovereign access to the pacific ocean
Affects Bolivia’s development and economic growth

Question 27

List 3 reasons for Arctic resource exploration

Answer 27

-It is 13% of the world’s undiscovered oil and 30% of untapped natural gases
- Large amounts of hydro carbons are available now the ice is melting
- profit
- 90 bn barrels of oil is potentially holds

Question 28

who have competing claims over these arctic waters

Answer 28

superpowers, indigenous communities and nations

Question 29

name 2 political implications in relation to arctic ocean resources

Answer 29

• Russia planted a flag om seabed of north pole, claiming it but this has no legal significance
• potential shipping lanes (north west passage) Canada claims it but arguments against this to suggest it’s an international space

Question 30

name one positive and negative impact for resource exploration in arctic
environmental
social

Answer 30

environmental
pos- investment in local community
neg- positive feedback loop causing more CC and arctic doesn’t have billions of bacteria, so env damage could impact it on a cataclysmic scale

social
pos- economically benefit Inuit, providing job opportunites
neg- coastal villages are eroding away