Migration 2.2.3- management and consequences of economic migration

Question 1

2.2.3 C migration policies
What is a migration policy

Answer 1

migration policy are the set of rules and regulations a country has in order to control the movement of people across their borders

Question 2

Why are migration policies an important thing to mention in essays about the advantages and disadvantages on migration
list the key countries to mention

Answer 2

these policies are key to discuss in essays because different countries have different policies
Japan- known for strict policies of migration, so suggests they discourage migration
Germany- has very open policies, encouraging migration which is a positive
UK- has very complex policies because they are ever- changing e.g. Brexit was driven by controlling migration
Australia- use migration to their advantage as they use a points based system, where they attract specific people to come to their country, as they are a soft power, and then pick and chose who they want to accept

Question 3

what are 2 facts to remember from japan’s migration policies
what does the 2nd fact lead to

Answer 3

1. They prefer cultural homogeneity and to maintain social cohesion
2. However, Japan suffers from demographic challenges such as an ageing population and labour shortages
   This leads to some shifts in the immigration policies

Question 4

How do Germany’s policies, differ from Japan’s migration policies

Answer 4

1. Germany’s view on immigration has evolved and now is inclusive and accepts immigration, in contrast to Japan
2. They have a very open policy to help any demographic changes and economic needs of the country, especially after WWII and the holocaust, so try to address any past injustices
3. Germany promotes integration but trys to preserve the German cultural identity

Question 5

Briefly explain the UK’s policy of immigration
- what the policy is like
-the ec_____ perspec____
- perspective of leaving the EU, in order to…..

Answer 5

-UK’s policy is complex because they are diverse opinions within the country, therefore changes regularly
- From an economic perspective the UK often encourages immigration because certain sectors rely on migrant workers to sustain productivity and competitiveness
- However, UK’s decision to leave the EU through Brexit has stopped the freedom of movement, in order for the UK to gain more control and restrict EU citizens from living and working there.

Question 6

Australia’s immigration policy is s______
- what do they use and give an example GSMP and what its based off A L E
-how they boost their economy

Answer 6

-It is a very selective immigration policy because they use the points based system, such as the General Skilled Migration Program, which selects migrants based off of age, language and work experience
- Boost economy by attracting talent that has skills that align with their economic needs

Question 7

Briefly explain what USA’s immigration policy
-what there policy is like
describe 2 positives due to USA’s policies
- economic considerations
-hu__________ v_____ ensures p_______

Answer 7

There policy is diverse due to contrasting opinions
+ they consider their economic needs, using immigrants to fill labour market needs to drive economic growth
- But humanitarian values that the USA has, ensures protection of refugees who are fleeing from conflict and persecution

Question 8

list the 7 factors that may influence a country’s migration policy
Alphabetical
1. D
2. E
3. H
4. I
5. P

6.Pu
7. S

Answer 8

1. Demographic
2. Economic considerations
3. historical context & humanitarian values
4. International agreements
5. Political context and security

6.public opinion

7. Socio- cultural context (social cohesion and cultural heritage)

Question 9

Why does the Balancing Act have to be put in place

Answer 9

Balancing Act
has to be put it place due to

conflicting views in migration
- so governments form policies to reflect the conflicts, in order to maintain equilibrium and stop any conflict

Question 10

1. E&C

2. S&H
3. P O&E-B P
   now explain what balanced them out

name and explain the 3 example policies that are formed to help balance out conflict

Answer 10

1. Economic interests and cultural concerns
   - the points-based system was formed to show economic benefits whilst the integration programs aimed to prevent any cultural concerns
2. security vs Humanitarian obligations
   - the stricter the immigration controls are, must be balanced with the commitments to protect refugees/asylum seekers
3. Public opinion vs evidence based policies
   - public campaigns but align with the realities of the migration

Question 11

name and explain 3 policies in UK that reflect conflicting views

Answer 11

1. Brexit- ended the free movement agreement in the UK, due to people wanting more control over immigration
2. Point-based immigration system- UK accept skilled migrants and avoid influx of unskilled migrants
3. refugee and asylum seeker policies- finding a balance
   - providing aid and protection due to humanitarian obligations
   - but consider economic and social impacts on UK by letting refugees in

Question 12

What exacerbates global economic inequalities

Answer 12

Brain Drain of the source country

Question 13

explain what is meant by brain drain

Answer 13

-Brain drain is emigration of individuals who are highly educated and a skilled worker
-from the source country (often developing country), that emigrate to the host country (developed country)
-because of the job opportunities
-as a result the host country uses these talented migrants to help benefit it’s economy

Question 14

explain the consequences of brain drain

Answer 14

1.a consequence of brain drain is that it limits Economic Development of that developing country (source)
2. another consequence is there’s more Segregation and inequalities between developing and developed countries

Question 15

what 3 things do migrant workers look for when emigrating to a developed country

Answer 15

• higher paid jobs
• increased job opportunity
• improved quality of life

Question 16

what is the main negative impact/ consequence of emigration for a developing country

Answer 16

When people leave the country, they suffer from the consequences of brain drain

Question 17

What reduces economic inequalities
explain it

counters the consequences of brain drain

Answer 17

Remittances
- indivuals send back money home, to try support and help their families

Question 18

Why are remittances important to the source country’s

Answer 18

-remittances are key source of income for families
to help improve quality of life and gain more disposible moeny to help ecomony

Question 19

name the two key country’s that depend the most of remittances and have the highest %’s

Answer 19

1. Tajikistan has the highest % (48%) of it’s GDP ($1,054) is reliant/from remittances
   - 48% of Tajikistan’s GDP

2.Mexico receives the 2nd largest in flow of remittances $11 mill BUT India beats this with $111.2 bill of remittances bc it is the largest source of emigrants

Question 20

explain how brain drain impacts migration positively and negatively

Answer 20

1. brain drain positively impacts - creates remittances, which countries become reliant on
2. Negative impacts of brain drain is countries suffering with a loss of skilled workers- leading to waste of investment into education because the country isn’t getting any of the benefits, because the host country is

Question 21

name the biggest and 2nd biggest recipient of migrants (so they receive/ gain the most)

Answer 21

1. USA 50 mill of immigrants
2. UAE 8.7 mill of immigrants

then UK is 5th largest host of migrants 9,4 immigrants

Question 22

define interdependence

How can you use interdependence in your essay about economic migration

Answer 22

Interdependence is countries having to rely on each other to grow and develop

Examples of interdependence is USA and Mexico because mexico provides migrants for USA and USA provides remittances for Mexico which is their main source of economic income

Question 23

list the four interdependent countries you must remember

Answer 23

1. USA and Mexico
2. UAE and India
3. Australia and Pacific Islands
4. Germany and Turkey

Question 24

dominant countries labelled 1234 and

not dominant are 1b2b3b4b

briefly talk about the interdependent countries
Who economically benefits from labour markets and who for remittance
socially what do both benefit from
environmentally in terms of urbanisation

Answer 24

Economic- dominant countries 1. USA 2. UAE 3. Australia 4. Germany - all benefit from their duo countries workers to help the labour markets
- the not dominant countries 1b. Mexico 2b. India 3b. Pacific Islands 4b. Turkey- all benefit from remittances as a main source of income tot heir families
Social- cultural exchange, diaspora networks and increased social cohesion and community between the two countries
Environmental- urbanisation in 1b2b3b4b and forming sustainable initiatives by managing resources

Question 25

explain a positives of interdependence
then what theory supports this

Answer 25

• reduces conflict between the two countries as they cooperate to economically grow
• the development of the ‘golden arch theory’ by freidman stated that no countries that both have McDonald’s will go to war with each other because both of their economies are interlinked

Question 26

explain two negatives of interdependence
1st- comes with an example of what happens

Answer 26

-a negative is cancelled infrastrucutre projects, leading to less employment, reducing remittances to their country, e.g. Estonia’s economy shrank by 13%

• negative is the country loses cultural identity, threating their country’s sovereignty