Migration 2.2.3- management and consequences of economic migration Flashcards
2.2.3 C migration policies
What is a migration policy
migration policy are the set of rules and regulations a country has in order to control the movement of people across their borders
Why are migration policies an important thing to mention in essays about the advantages and disadvantages on migration
list the key countries to mention
these policies are key to discuss in essays because different countries have different policies
Japan- known for strict policies of migration, so suggests they discourage migration
Germany- has very open policies, encouraging migration which is a positive
UK- has very complex policies because they are ever- changing e.g. Brexit was driven by controlling migration
Australia- use migration to their advantage as they use a points based system, where they attract specific people to come to their country, as they are a soft power, and then pick and chose who they want to accept
what are 2 facts to remember from japan’s migration policies
what does the 2nd fact lead to
- They prefer cultural homogeneity and to maintain social cohesion
- However, Japan suffers from demographic challenges such as an ageing population and labour shortages
This leads to some shifts in the immigration policies
How do Germany’s policies, differ from Japan’s migration policies
- Germany’s view on immigration has evolved and now is inclusive and accepts immigration, in contrast to Japan
- They have a very open policy to help any demographic changes and economic needs of the country, especially after WWII and the holocaust, so try to address any past injustices
- Germany promotes integration but trys to preserve the German cultural identity
Briefly explain the UK’s policy of immigration
- what the policy is like
-the ec_____ perspec____
- perspective of leaving the EU, in order to…..
-UK’s policy is complex because they are diverse opinions within the country, therefore changes regularly
- From an economic perspective the UK often encourages immigration because certain sectors rely on migrant workers to sustain productivity and competitiveness
- However, UK’s decision to leave the EU through Brexit has stopped the freedom of movement, in order for the UK to gain more control and restrict EU citizens from living and working there.
Australia’s immigration policy is s______
- what do they use and give an example GSMP and what its based off A L E
-how they boost their economy
-It is a very selective immigration policy because they use the points based system, such as the General Skilled Migration Program, which selects migrants based off of age, language and work experience
- Boost economy by attracting talent that has skills that align with their economic needs
Briefly explain what USA’s immigration policy
-what there policy is like
describe 2 positives due to USA’s policies
- economic considerations
-hu__________ v_____ ensures p_______
There policy is diverse due to contrasting opinions
+ they consider their economic needs, using immigrants to fill labour market needs to drive economic growth
- But humanitarian values that the USA has, ensures protection of refugees who are fleeing from conflict and persecution
list the 7 factors that may influence a country’s migration policy
Alphabetical
1. D
2. E
3. H
4. I
5. P
6.Pu
7. S
- Demographic
- Economic considerations
- historical context & humanitarian values
- International agreements
- Political context and security
6.public opinion
- Socio- cultural context (social cohesion and cultural heritage)
Why does the Balancing Act have to be put in place
Balancing Act
has to be put it place due to
conflicting views in migration
- so governments form policies to reflect the conflicts, in order to maintain equilibrium and stop any conflict
1. E&C
- S&H
- P O&E-B P
now explain what balanced them out
name and explain the 3 example policies that are formed to help balance out conflict
- Economic interests and cultural concerns
- the points-based system was formed to show economic benefits whilst the integration programs aimed to prevent any cultural concerns - security vs Humanitarian obligations
- the stricter the immigration controls are, must be balanced with the commitments to protect refugees/asylum seekers - Public opinion vs evidence based policies
- public campaigns but align with the realities of the migration
name and explain 3 policies in UK that reflect conflicting views
- Brexit- ended the free movement agreement in the UK, due to people wanting more control over immigration
- Point-based immigration system- UK accept skilled migrants and avoid influx of unskilled migrants
- refugee and asylum seeker policies- finding a balance
- providing aid and protection due to humanitarian obligations
- but consider economic and social impacts on UK by letting refugees in
What exacerbates global economic inequalities
Brain Drain of the source country
explain what is meant by brain drain
-Brain drain is emigration of individuals who are highly educated and a skilled worker
-from the source country (often developing country), that emigrate to the host country (developed country)
-because of the job opportunities
-as a result the host country uses these talented migrants to help benefit it’s economy
explain the consequences of brain drain
1.a consequence of brain drain is that it limits Economic Development of that developing country (source)
2. another consequence is there’s more Segregation and inequalities between developing and developed countries
what 3 things do migrant workers look for when emigrating to a developed country
- higher paid jobs
- increased job opportunity
- improved quality of life
what is the main negative impact/ consequence of emigration for a developing country
When people leave the country, they suffer from the consequences of brain drain
What reduces economic inequalities
explain it
counters the consequences of brain drain
Remittances
- indivuals send back money home, to try support and help their families
Why are remittances important to the source country’s
-remittances are key source of income for families
to help improve quality of life and gain more disposible moeny to help ecomony
name the two key country’s that depend the most of remittances and have the highest %’s
- Tajikistan has the highest % (48%) of it’s GDP ($1,054) is reliant/from remittances
- 48% of Tajikistan’s GDP
2.Mexico receives the 2nd largest in flow of remittances $11 mill BUT India beats this with $111.2 bill of remittances bc it is the largest source of emigrants
explain how brain drain impacts migration positively and negatively
- brain drain positively impacts - creates remittances, which countries become reliant on
- Negative impacts of brain drain is countries suffering with a loss of skilled workers- leading to waste of investment into education because the country isn’t getting any of the benefits, because the host country is
name the biggest and 2nd biggest recipient of migrants (so they receive/ gain the most)
- USA 50 mill of immigrants
- UAE 8.7 mill of immigrants
then UK is 5th largest host of migrants 9,4 immigrants
define interdependence
How can you use interdependence in your essay about economic migration
Interdependence is countries having to rely on each other to grow and develop
Examples of interdependence is USA and Mexico because mexico provides migrants for USA and USA provides remittances for Mexico which is their main source of economic income
list the four interdependent countries you must remember
- USA and Mexico
- UAE and India
- Australia and Pacific Islands
- Germany and Turkey
dominant countries labelled 1234 and
not dominant are 1b2b3b4b
briefly talk about the interdependent countries
Who economically benefits from labour markets and who for remittance
socially what do both benefit from
environmentally in terms of urbanisation
Economic- dominant countries 1. USA 2. UAE 3. Australia 4. Germany - all benefit from their duo countries workers to help the labour markets
- the not dominant countries 1b. Mexico 2b. India 3b. Pacific Islands 4b. Turkey- all benefit from remittances as a main source of income tot heir families
Social- cultural exchange, diaspora networks and increased social cohesion and community between the two countries
Environmental- urbanisation in 1b2b3b4b and forming sustainable initiatives by managing resources
explain a positives of interdependence
then what theory supports this
- reduces conflict between the two countries as they cooperate to economically grow
- the development of the ‘golden arch theory’ by freidman stated that no countries that both have McDonald’s will go to war with each other because both of their economies are interlinked
explain two negatives of interdependence
1st- comes with an example of what happens
-a negative is cancelled infrastrucutre projects, leading to less employment, reducing remittances to their country, e.g. Estonia’s economy shrank by 13%
- negative is the country loses cultural identity, threating their country’s sovereignty
