Migration 2.2.2- causes of international economic migration Flashcards
define push factors
Reasons people choose to _______
So there’s _____ aspects of a country
e.g.
what type of migrants does this create
Push factors of migration are reasons people choose/driven to LEAVE a location
(negative aspects of a country, e.g. persecution, conflict, poverty)
emigrants- movement of people FROM a country
define pull factors of migration
What makes people want to ______
So the ____ aspects of a country
E.g.
what type of migrants does this create
Pull factors of migration is what makes a location attract to people, to make them want to move to that place
(Positive aspects of a country, e.g. work opportunities, improved quality of life)
immigrants- movement of people to a country
list the 3 Economic OUT drivers (push factors) of international migration
Also, what type of migrants does this create
economic push factors that drives out migration
1. Poverty
2. primary commodity prices
3. Poor access to global markets
creates economic migrants NOT refugees
The first economic push factor is P______
name the two types of P_____
1st economic push factor is Poverty
two types of poverty
1. Relative Poverty
2. Extreme poverty
Explain the 1st type of Poverty
Relative poverty people can afford basic necessities but may struggle to access goods and services, so want to move from an emerging economy to a developed one.
Explain the 2nd type of poverty
Extreme poverty- people living below the poverty line, so can’t access basic needs such as food, shelter and clothing
list the 3 facts of the example Sudan being a country that is suffering with extreme Poverty, causing out migration.
- Sudan has experienced
-nearly continuous conflict of civil wars for over 50 years with few short term peace agreements
-leaving the people in extreme poverty, leading to neighbouring countries including Chad, to host for 400,000 Sudanese refugees with limited resources
- Sudan being 170th out of 190 countries on the HDI index
Like Sudan, Venezuela is another example of push factors that drive out migration.
Venezuela is suffering with P______ In_______ causing social unrest, as a result people are fleeing due to fear of Per_______
- Venezuela is experiencing Political Instability
-This is due to the collapse of it’s government
- As a result, there was lots of social unrest where violent protests occurred
-Then, according to the UN in 2018 there were 6,000 extrajudicial killings
-This led to people fleeing because of the fear of persecution
what country is the biggest source of migrants
India
2nd push factor is Primary Commodity Prices
what does this mean
commodities are ‘goods’ you can sell
and primary commodities are the basic raw materials that can be sold e.g. Fish, Coffee, Minerals such as metals (copper/gold) and precious stones (diamonds), Timber ect
example of primary commodities being a problem is that in Africa, most of the countries main export, is a primary commodity. Why is this a problem
-Primary commodities being the main export for a countries is a problem, because it will never gain the country enough money
- As a result their country never develops because it is stuck in a positive feedback loop.
-This is due to developed world keeping these commodities at low price value and are less valuable
-because of overproduction as over supply of a resource drives prices down and poor governance so are easily exploited due to lack of human capital
give examples of countries in Africa, that try to sell primary commodities
- Ethiopia coffee beans
- Ghana Gold
-Nigeria crude oil
what is the resource curse theory
countries has an access to a resource, but government corruption leads to conflict over who owns that resource
The idea that countries have access to valuable resources, but due to the corruption and mismanagement of the country, there’s an increase in poverty
name 2 countries that are examples of where resource curse theory occurs
-Sierra Leone diamonds (blood diamonds)
- Venezuela Oil
why has the diamond resource from Sierra Leone been nicknames ‘blood diamonds’
Sierra Leone is a country in Africa that is resource rich of diamonds.
- However, downfall is the government, it doesn’t respond to public welfare needs
- Leading to conflict where these diamonds result in bloodshed as people buy more guns to protect themselves
- leading to out migration in Sierra Leone
third economic push factor is the ‘Po___ a______ to g______ mar___’
what does this involve
what country is the prime example
Poor access to global markets can
- hinder economic growth
- increase poverty
-reduce opportunities for development
For example, Ethiopia’s farmers selling coffee
so the ability to sell your product on the global market
- what are custom unions
- name a custom union that is involved in the 3rd economic push factor of out migration
-give an example of country that struggles with this
Custom unions are trade agreement between countries
-eliminate tariffs (taxes on imports) on goods traded, so treat all goods as domestic products
-But establish a common external tariff on goods imported from outside the union as they enforce a uniform tariff policy
Trade blocs is a free trade agreement, e.g. the EU protects their farmers which excludes farmers out of the EU, making it hard for them to get a good price for the food they want to sell
e.g. Ethiopian coffee farmers
Custom Unions are a more specific trade bloc
list the 5 things that custom unions provide
- Guaranteed pricing (there is a minimum you will be paid from the trade blocs)
- Intervention buying
- Subsidies
- Import tariffs
Quotas ( how much of the product they are willing to buy per year
why are the trade blocs a problem for Ethiopian farmers who are trying to sell their resource rich primary commodity of coffee
These free trade agreements limit the farmers access to the global market because they miss out on better prices from direct contracts due to their competition being international buyers such as the EU.
finally how does media representation through globalisation influence out migration
Media representation:
The easier we can communicate and find out about things through the internet - all can help and contribute to people’s decisions to emmigrate because they become aware of what else is out there and are able to organise things before they move
2.2.2 b
Name the 3 reasons for immigration, so pull factors that make a country attractive so people want to go
- Presence of Diasporas
- Common wealth links
- Legislation
explain the first pull factor that drives immigration: d______
Diasporas are when there’s a concentration of a particular group of people from a country, moved to a particular country
e.g. South Koreans in New Malden
The presence of Diaspora communities can often help migration because they have a greater sense of community and feel connected with their home country, therefore feel safer as a group within a particular location
list the 3 reasons South Koreans may be attracted to New Malden
- There’s cheap housing
- The fact there is previous presence of a japanese community
- The ‘bandwagon effect’ there has been prominent korean businesses in new malden
The diaspora in New Malden is such a big part of the community that now south korean that have been living there for several years and not needed to learn English
explain the 2nd pull factor
C_____ w____ links - what is it
name the 3 examples
e.g.
1. The 194_ B_____ N_________ A__
led to
2. W________ scandal (gener______)
but then to stop this overwhelming amount of people
3. i_______ act in 197_
Common wealth and colonial links has led to migrants feeling connected to the UK:
The commonwealth is a political association of 53 member states, nearly all former territories of the British Empire
e.g.
1. The 1948 British Nationality Act- was established to rebuild the UK after WWII, by allowing any CW citizens with a Brit passport to come and work in the UK
As a result of this open policy
2. The Windrush generation (scandal) occurred in 1948 to
- the ship ‘empire Windrush’ brought workers from Caribbean to the docks of London, people from Jamaica (500 men), Cyprus and south Asia, in order to help the labour shortage
- beginning the mass immigration from the commonwealth and not Europe
-72,000 immigrants a year
3. Immigration Act 1971- was when they stopped this open policy above
- This meant that only holders of work permits or born in the country could gain entry
-As a result reducing immigration to 54,000 a year
explain the 3rd pull factor of immigration
L__________ - permitting fr___ mov________
e.g. S_________ agreement in 199_
Legislation is the set of laws put in place which decide the conditions of how people can migrate, alongside their responsibilities and rights of migrants
Some legislation actively encourage migration and make it easier for indiv to migrate
For example,
1. the free movement of people (EU)
2. Schengen agreement in 1995 which allows people to cross through borders in some countries in Europe after being checked by just one border control. countries including: France, germany, netherlands ect
what they could do which i
Role of superpowers
list the 4 things to think about
h&s
gl____ h___
sm____ p____
ed______ h___
how they can be an attract tool for immigration
The role of superpower is
hard power- control of resources and money, tell people what to do
soft power- people want to go to that country
global hubs
smart power
education hubs attract people to a location e.g. Oxbridge
