oceans 2.2.10 to be continued

Question 1

What is the main source that causes ocean pollution

Answer 1

Run off from the land (terrestrial run of)

Question 2

What pollutants from that land can end up in the oceans name all 5

Answer 2

1. Nitrates from farming
2. Sediment causes turbid water (not ideal when it settles on coral reefs)
3. Sewage release- toxins and excessive nutrients
4. Heavy metals and chemicals released- toxins introduced into food chains
5. Plastics- blown or washed into rivers

Question 3

what happens to pollutants when they go into the sea
either D or C

Answer 3

Either Disperse or Concentrate

Question 4

what is the impact of pollutants on the coral reefs

Answer 4

The pollutants change the chemical makeup of the water, leading to sun being blocked out from the reef

Question 5

explain the eutrophication process in 5 points

Answer 5

1. nitrate fertilisers are carried off land and into rivers
2. rivers wash the nutrients into the sea, making it rich in nutrients
3. An algal bloom forms due to the nitrates
4. The bloom deprives the water of oxygen, so fish ect suffocate
5. This leads to the ecosystems collapsing as dead zones form

Question 6

In terms of marine dead zones what are they also known as

Answer 6

Hypoxic (low oxygen) areas

Question 7

Where is the main place dead zones are located
what river does it run off into
what % of water ect drains into this river

Answer 7

In the gulf of Mexico because of terrestrial run off into the Mississippi because 40% of US water drains into this river- including fertilizers, sewage

Question 8

how many million tons of nutrients is deposited into the gulf of Mexico every year

Answer 8

1.7 mill nutrients are deposited each year

Question 9

What is the other main source of pollutants into the sea other than terrestrial run off

Answer 9

Oil Spills

Question 10

Deposited from ships, what other pollutants is thrown into the sea

what will happen do these pollutants

Answer 10

• waste
• washing out oil tankers
• accidental spills
• deposited dredging material (heavy metals)

They will either disperse or be concentrated through the food web

Question 11

What are the 2 examples of oil spills that were colossal

Answer 11

Gulf war oil spill 1991
Deep water Horizon

Question 12

Explain what happened in the gulf war oil spill in 1991

Answer 12

In the Persian gulf a war between Iraq and US

The Iraqi forces intentionally opened their oil valves and emptied out 240 million gallons of crude oil, as a military tactic, and tried to blame it on the US

Question 13

What were the effects of the Gulf war oil spill in 1991

Answer 13

The effect on marine life was extensive and is the worst ever oil spill recorded, where it still has effects today 34 years later

Question 14

explain what happen in the deep water horizon oil spill in the gulf of mexico 2010
what were the effects

Answer 14

The deep water horizon is a vessel that drills for oil
200 million gallons of crude oil was spilled into gulf of mexico
12,000 barrels a day for 3 months, due to cap of the well exploding
8,000 animals reported dead 6 months after

Question 15

What are the general effects of oil spills

what does water and crude oil create

Answer 15

Water and crude oil creates ‘mousse’ which sticks to fur and feathers of animals, which restricts them and it breaks down their fur causing the animals such as seals to suffer from hypothermia
- any ingestion of the toxins leads to increased amounts going up the food chain, resulting in production of babies less successful (thinner egg shells in birds and reptiles)

Question 16

In relation to managing Ocean Pollution

What is meant by the term ‘Surface Gyres’
what 2 things drive them

Answer 16

Surface Gyres are large circular currents in the major oceans that occur due to
-wind patterns
-Coriolis force

Question 17

What is the metaphorical term used to describe Surface Gyres

Answer 17

It is like ‘soup’

They are also known as garbage patches (the same size as Texas) where millions of pieces of plastic are concentrated together

Question 18

What is the main location and ocean that is split into 2 main ‘pools of plastic soup’ located

Answer 18

The North Pacific Garbage patch is split into the Eastern and Western patches

Question 19

What causes Despoiling of the wilderness

Answer 19

Surface gyres and ocean currents are both what facilitate plastic distribution, causing despoiling of the wilderness

Question 20

What demonstrates that plastic is despoiling the wilderness

Answer 20

Plastic waste makes landfall (deposited) along the shorelines of many wilderness regions that are far from civilisation

Question 21

Name two locations where despoiling of the wilderness is evident

Answer 21

• Islands in the Arctic circle e.g. Muffin Island
• Pacific Hawaiian Islands

Demonstrate despoiling of the wilderness because they are completely isolated from humans and yet plastic is washing up on their shores

Question 22

What is the criteria for a ‘wicked problem’

Answer 22

• problem that forms do to interrelated causes
• Not having one correct solution
• Many stakeholders (so everyone owns it but no one takes responsibility)
• links to other challenges
• It is a dynamic problem, so there’s constantly new inventions being created
• the problem has long lasting effects

Question 23

What is the main wicked problem we can mention in this topic

Answer 23

Marine waste being a wicked problem

Question 24

List the 5 reasons why marine waste is classed as a wicked problem

Answer 24

Marine waste is a problem due to:
- bad management
- multiple sources of marine plastic (stakeholders)
- Over-consumption (in fish perhaps)
- There are conflicting interests in the economy
- Plastics have a continuous effects because they last hundreds of years.

Question 25

Name the 3 scales of management for marine plastics

Answer 25

1. Global conventions 2. National government actions (legislation) 3. Local actions to raise awareness

Question 26

Name the 2 main Global conventions used to help manage marine plastics what were their laws

Answer 26

1. UNCLOS enforced the law that you can't dump waste purposefully at sea 2. MARPOL trys to prevent ships polluting plastics - so banned ships from disposing plastic at sea

Question 27

What is a limitation to consider about the global convention MARPOL

Answer 27

An issue is ensuring enforcement because how can you monitor is a ship is disposing plastic out at sea

Question 28

What the 3 strategies used by National Governments to help prevent marine plastic pollution

Answer 28

National Governments took action by: 1. Plastic bag charges 2. Environment Act 2021 3. Microbead ban

Question 29

Explain the strategies/ legislations national governments have acted on

Answer 29

1. Putting a charge on plastic bags when shopping, has reduced usage by over 95% in the last decade in UK 2. Environment Act 2021- used the 'Deposit Return Scheme' (DRS) to reduce waste 3. Banning Microbeads in 2018 from care and cosmetics products because of it's effects on the marine

Question 30

What is a limitation of the 3 National government management strategies

Answer 30

1. Limitation of putting a charge on plastic bags is that it doesn't address other plastic sources 2. Limitation of Environment Act 2021 is that the schemes can face delays 3. Limitation of the Micro bead ban is that the industrial use of Micro beads is not banned

Question 31

Name the 3 actions the local do to raise awareness of marine plastic being a wicked problem

Answer 31

1. Community clean ups (of the beaches and waterways) 2. Educational Campaigns - plastic free july and schemes with schools 3. NGOs such as Green peace, Marine Conservation Society which campaigned for 2 of the national government actions

Question 32

What is the UNESCO world heritage case study we need to know about

Answer 32

The Great Barrier Reef

Question 33

Where is the GBR located

Answer 33

The GBR is located in the north east of Australia, off the coast of Queensland

Question 34

Describe the two components of coral reefs and their relationship

Answer 34

In a coral reef is made up of coral polyps and algae The coral polyps is classed as an animal The coral polyp and the algae have a symbiotic relationship with the algae If the conditions change, then the polyps become stressed and push the algae out of their tissue, causing coral bleeching

Question 35

What is the main threat to Coral Reefs

Answer 35

Climate change

Question 36

What are the main conditions that are essential for coral reefs to thrive

Answer 36

- Warm ocean temp (23-29) - Clear water, so sunlight can penetrate through tot he reef, for photosynthesis -Aerobic water so the presence of wave action so the water becomes oxygenated and has nutrients, to increase rate of photosynthesis - shallow corals, so the sunlight can reach the reefs

Question 37

How can climate change, change these conditions to result in coral bleeching

Answer 37

- Increase in frequency of storms due to higher temperatures of water, ( because they form over warm waters), then this leads to too much wave action which may end up damaging the coral if some is broken off - Increase in sea level, results in the coral reefs becoming deeper, which means less light can successfully reach the coral- so the rate of photosynthesis decreases - Ocean Acidification- when more co2 is added to the atmosphere the pH decreases in the oceans because it becomes more acidic when the carbon is absorbed into the ocean- leads to a decrease in growth rates in corals - Tourism- The GBR attracts 1/6 million visitors annually, which helps the economy, but also tourists damage the reef

Question 38

What does UNESCO stand for

Answer 38

United nations educational, scientific cultural and organisation agency which aims to promote world peace

Question 39

Is the GBR classed as a world heritage site in relation to the UNESCO criteria

Answer 39

It is because the GBR does have: - Universal value - Superlative natural phenomena - Significant natrual habits for conservation of biodiversity

Question 40

Why does the GBR need protecting

Answer 40

It is the most extensive coral ecosystem in the world

Question 41

What are the threats of the GBR

Answer 41

- Adverse impacts of CC (like sea level rise) - Coral bleaching and ocean acidification - Decline in water quality associated with an increase in catchment run off - A loss of coastal habitats in coastal development - Fishing and illegal fishing - Increase in industrial infrastructure along the coast

Question 42

How is the GBR managed

Answer 42

The australian national government as well as the Queensland gov,make cooperative agreements, alongside international environment agreements - GBR is part of the world heritage site due to it's outstanding natural heritage -