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geography > ocean- 2.2.6 > Flashcards

ocean- 2.2.6 Flashcards

1
Q

Ocean Governance,
list the laws that regulate the sea
What is the organisation that established this

A

UNCLOS- UN convention and the law of the sea
1. Landward side of the baseline- Internal Waters
2. Up to 12 NM- territorial waters
3. up to 24 NM - Contiguous water
4. Up to 200 NM- Exclusive economic zone
5. Up to 350 NM- Continental Shelf
6. Anywhere beyond that are the high seas

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2
Q

define Supranational

A

Supranational is having power in more than one country
- has influence that transcends national boundaries and governments

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3
Q

Name the 7 supranational institutions for global governance

A
  1. UN
  2. UNESCO
  3. EU
  4. G7
  5. G20
  6. G77
  7. NATO
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4
Q

What is the UN’s purpose

A

to maintain worldwide peace and security

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5
Q

what is the UNESCO’s purpose and what does it stand for

A

United Nations educational, scientific,cultural, organisation

It’s purpose it to stand for human rights and internal peace

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6
Q

What does UNCLOS stand for
Why is it such an important organisation

A

United Nations convention and laws of the seas
- UNCLOS is international treaty, which has created guidelines for how countries can use the world’s oceans
- UNCLOS is important because it regulates the laws of the seas, making sure countries obey the guidelines and gain marine resources from within their EEZ
- UNCLOS resolves disputes over maritime boundaries

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7
Q

What does EEZ stand for
what does it allow
what happens when two EEZ’s clash

A

An Exclusive economic zone allows coastal countries to claim rights over marine resources within 200 NM from their shore
- If the EEZ’s of two countries clash E.G. England and France, then UNCLOS settles this and states they have 100 NM each

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8
Q

list 3 ways the laws created by UNCLOS promote sustainable economic growth
- Fi
- O
- W

A

These laws promote sustainable economic growth due to
- Fish stocks being controlled, leading to more supply to the market which increases economic wealth
-Offshore mineral deposits can be claimed and developed, leading to increases in economic wealth because they are selling it
- Pollution and waste is controlled more, leading to less money being spent on waste clean ups

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9
Q

list the 3 ways the laws by UNCLOS promotes geopolitical stability in countries
-mar
-ec d
clari

A

These laws by UNCLOS promote stability because of
- Less arguments over who owns marine resources
-Clarity over who owns particular land
- Less arguments over economic damage

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10
Q

What are the 5 things you mention when question asks about strategic value in relation to oceans (actions you do to achieve something)

A
  1. Energy security: Oceans are critical for maintaining global energy security, because half of all oil is transported by tanker
  2. Scientific exploration of resources: investing in research on fish and minerals
  3. Oceans are key for transporting goods, which influences trade and the economy
  4. Military power projection: the ability to globally protect and there’s nuclear deterrence with armed submarines
  5. The ‘International Community’ work together to keep choke points open, to reduce volatility in the oil market and reduces the risk of piracy
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11
Q

explain what
Global oil transit choke-points are

A

Choke-points are narrow channels along a key trade route that must be kept open to ensure the movement of oil isn’t disrupted

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12
Q

What are choke points critical for

A

Choke points are critical for maintaining global energy security

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13
Q

list the 5 choke points critical for global oil transit

A

-Panama Canal
-Suez Canal
-Straight of Malacca
-Strait of Hormuz

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14
Q

Facts about the Choke Point Suez canal
-Where is it located
-How many container ships pass through it everyday
- What % of worldwide trade passes through this canal
- How many barrels of oil passes through here per day
- What continents does it separate
-What incident occurred here
- If it was to close, how many extra miles would be added onto the transport journey

A
  • Location: The Suez Canal is by Egypt and is an artificial water way connecting the Red sea to the Mediterranean sea.
  • 50 container ships pass through it every day
  • 12% of worldwide trade passes through here
  • 4.5 million barrels of oil passes through here per day
    -Separates Africa from Asia
  • Evergreen blocked the canal
  • 6,000 miles added
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15
Q
  • Where is the strait of Hormuz located
    Name the two golfs it falls under
  • How wide is it
  • What seas does it connect
  • What % of worldwide oil trade passes through here
  • How many barrels of oil get passed through
A

-Located between Iran, UAE and Oman where it falls under all of their territorial water
- 39 km wide but deep
- Persian golf and Oman golf
- 20% of world oil trade
- 21 million barrels of oil per day

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16
Q

Why is the Strait of Malacca the most important shipping lane in the planet

A

It’s so important because it’s the shortest route between the Pacific and Indian Oceans
- 40% of world trade passes through per year,
- But the narrow strait is vulnerable to disruption from piracy attacks
-Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia are responsible for security and defending against piracy, but US, China, India, and Japan all assist to secure the region because it is so crucial for them
- Depth is 82 feet detour happens if ship is too big

17
Q

Where is the Straight of Malacca located
What oceans does it connect
How many barrels of oil passes through it per day

A
  • Between Malaysia and Indonesia
  • Connects the Indian ocean and the South China Sea
  • 15 million barrels of oil per day
18
Q

How are choke points managed, there are three you must remember

A
  1. International agreements
  2. Multilateral Organisations (between several countries)
  3. Military patrols and security alliances
19
Q

explain how international agreements can help to manage choke points

A

International agreements
- UNCLOS- United nations convention of the laws and the seas
Has managed choke points by ensuring there is right of innocent passage through territorial waters
- Constantinople convention 1888- is a treaty that allowed free navigation in the Suez Canal in Egypt- by UK, Germany, Spain, Turkey, Austria ect.

20
Q

explain how Multilateral organisations
(several countries) can help to manage choke points

A

Multilateral organisations include
IMO and MSC

  1. International MARITIME organisation
    In the UN and regulates shipping worldwide
    - help with navigation in choke points and traffic

2.Malacca Straight Council
Involves several countries - Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore- to ensure safe passage of vessels
-Patrol to combat Piracy

21
Q

Explain how Military patrols and Security Alliances help manage choke points

A

Military patrol of multiple nations to detect Piracy and terrorism in choke points such as Strait of Hormuz

Security Alliances are to ensure there’s stability, so US have longstanding alliances with Saudi Arabia

22
Q

Define what is meant by the term Piracy

A

Piracy is the illegal act of attacking a ship at sea, in order to make financial games

23
Q

explain what the Geneva convention on the high seas is

A

Article 15 of this convention states that Piracy is an illegal act of violence and therefore it needs to be combated

24
Q

What did UNCLOS in 1994 instruct all nations to do, to combat piracy
how big of a problem was piracy

A

UNCLOS in 1994 assigned 154 nations and EU to govern
- All aspects of ocean space
-Get Piracy classed as a universal crime
- Provide legal foundation to combat piracy​

25
Q

name the 2 things that were done to manage piracy

what is a problem with both of these management strategies

A

1- The movement of shipping lanes further out to sea, to avoid Somalian small boats
2. Have security on board to deter pirates

both expensive

26
Q

A way of governing Piracy
What is the Djibouti code of conduct
and what did the 9 countries implement

A

Djibouti code of conduct is an agreement where 9 east African states signed up to tackle piracy.

They implemented resolution 1851, which was defeating piracy off Somalia’s coast by deploying naval vessels and military aircraft

27
Q

List 4 facts about Somalia, which is why the majority of pirates are from there

A
  • Somalia is a failed State, due to the government collapsing in 1991
  • They have little control over the country as it is controlled by criminals
  • 54% of Somalia’s working age population are unemployed leading to desperate attempts to find a source of income.
28
Q

between 2011 and 2014 what was the pattern of Piracy that occurred

A

General pattern of piracy hot-spot attacks were along the east of Africa, near Somalia but then due to governance and management strategies, it reduced along the east
However by 2014, the pattern of attacks were on the west coast of Africa

29
Q

In relation to the connections created by the UKs past maritime power

The UK’s EEZ was in the top 10 largest in the country, which one was it

A

United Kingdom’s exclusive economic zone is the fifth largest in the world
surrounding the UK, crown dependencies’ and British Overseas Territories (BOTs).

30
Q

How many UK oversea territories did we have under out jurisdiction

What did we have that made us so dominant

A

14 territories under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the UK
We had the greatest navy power in 1920- the Royal navy dominated the oceans and protected colonies and trade routes

geography (22 decks)

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