ocean- 2.2.6 Flashcards
Ocean Governance,
list the laws that regulate the sea
What is the organisation that established this
UNCLOS- UN convention and the law of the sea
1. Landward side of the baseline- Internal Waters
2. Up to 12 NM- territorial waters
3. up to 24 NM - Contiguous water
4. Up to 200 NM- Exclusive economic zone
5. Up to 350 NM- Continental Shelf
6. Anywhere beyond that are the high seas
define Supranational
Supranational is having power in more than one country
- has influence that transcends national boundaries and governments
Name the 7 supranational institutions for global governance
- UN
- UNESCO
- EU
- G7
- G20
- G77
- NATO
What is the UN’s purpose
to maintain worldwide peace and security
what is the UNESCO’s purpose and what does it stand for
United Nations educational, scientific,cultural, organisation
It’s purpose it to stand for human rights and internal peace
What does UNCLOS stand for
Why is it such an important organisation
United Nations convention and laws of the seas
- UNCLOS is international treaty, which has created guidelines for how countries can use the world’s oceans
- UNCLOS is important because it regulates the laws of the seas, making sure countries obey the guidelines and gain marine resources from within their EEZ
- UNCLOS resolves disputes over maritime boundaries
What does EEZ stand for
what does it allow
what happens when two EEZ’s clash
An Exclusive economic zone allows coastal countries to claim rights over marine resources within 200 NM from their shore
- If the EEZ’s of two countries clash E.G. England and France, then UNCLOS settles this and states they have 100 NM each
list 3 ways the laws created by UNCLOS promote sustainable economic growth
- Fi
- O
- W
These laws promote sustainable economic growth due to
- Fish stocks being controlled, leading to more supply to the market which increases economic wealth
-Offshore mineral deposits can be claimed and developed, leading to increases in economic wealth because they are selling it
- Pollution and waste is controlled more, leading to less money being spent on waste clean ups
list the 3 ways the laws by UNCLOS promotes geopolitical stability in countries
-mar
-ec d
clari
These laws by UNCLOS promote stability because of
- Less arguments over who owns marine resources
-Clarity over who owns particular land
- Less arguments over economic damage
What are the 5 things you mention when question asks about strategic value in relation to oceans (actions you do to achieve something)
- Energy security: Oceans are critical for maintaining global energy security, because half of all oil is transported by tanker
- Scientific exploration of resources: investing in research on fish and minerals
- Oceans are key for transporting goods, which influences trade and the economy
- Military power projection: the ability to globally protect and there’s nuclear deterrence with armed submarines
- The ‘International Community’ work together to keep choke points open, to reduce volatility in the oil market and reduces the risk of piracy
explain what
Global oil transit choke-points are
Choke-points are narrow channels along a key trade route that must be kept open to ensure the movement of oil isn’t disrupted
What are choke points critical for
Choke points are critical for maintaining global energy security
list the 5 choke points critical for global oil transit
-Panama Canal
-Suez Canal
-Straight of Malacca
-Strait of Hormuz
Facts about the Choke Point Suez canal
-Where is it located
-How many container ships pass through it everyday
- What % of worldwide trade passes through this canal
- How many barrels of oil passes through here per day
- What continents does it separate
-What incident occurred here
- If it was to close, how many extra miles would be added onto the transport journey
- Location: The Suez Canal is by Egypt and is an artificial water way connecting the Red sea to the Mediterranean sea.
- 50 container ships pass through it every day
- 12% of worldwide trade passes through here
- 4.5 million barrels of oil passes through here per day
-Separates Africa from Asia - Evergreen blocked the canal
- 6,000 miles added
- Where is the strait of Hormuz located
Name the two golfs it falls under - How wide is it
- What seas does it connect
- What % of worldwide oil trade passes through here
- How many barrels of oil get passed through
-Located between Iran, UAE and Oman where it falls under all of their territorial water
- 39 km wide but deep
- Persian golf and Oman golf
- 20% of world oil trade
- 21 million barrels of oil per day
Why is the Strait of Malacca the most important shipping lane in the planet
It’s so important because it’s the shortest route between the Pacific and Indian Oceans
- 40% of world trade passes through per year,
- But the narrow strait is vulnerable to disruption from piracy attacks
-Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia are responsible for security and defending against piracy, but US, China, India, and Japan all assist to secure the region because it is so crucial for them
- Depth is 82 feet detour happens if ship is too big
Where is the Straight of Malacca located
What oceans does it connect
How many barrels of oil passes through it per day
- Between Malaysia and Indonesia
- Connects the Indian ocean and the South China Sea
- 15 million barrels of oil per day
How are choke points managed, there are three you must remember
- International agreements
- Multilateral Organisations (between several countries)
- Military patrols and security alliances
explain how international agreements can help to manage choke points
International agreements
- UNCLOS- United nations convention of the laws and the seas
Has managed choke points by ensuring there is right of innocent passage through territorial waters
- Constantinople convention 1888- is a treaty that allowed free navigation in the Suez Canal in Egypt- by UK, Germany, Spain, Turkey, Austria ect.
explain how Multilateral organisations
(several countries) can help to manage choke points
Multilateral organisations include
IMO and MSC
- International MARITIME organisation
In the UN and regulates shipping worldwide
- help with navigation in choke points and traffic
2.Malacca Straight Council
Involves several countries - Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore- to ensure safe passage of vessels
-Patrol to combat Piracy
Explain how Military patrols and Security Alliances help manage choke points
Military patrol of multiple nations to detect Piracy and terrorism in choke points such as Strait of Hormuz
Security Alliances are to ensure there’s stability, so US have longstanding alliances with Saudi Arabia
Define what is meant by the term Piracy
Piracy is the illegal act of attacking a ship at sea, in order to make financial games
explain what the Geneva convention on the high seas is
Article 15 of this convention states that Piracy is an illegal act of violence and therefore it needs to be combated
What did UNCLOS in 1994 instruct all nations to do, to combat piracy
how big of a problem was piracy
UNCLOS in 1994 assigned 154 nations and EU to govern
- All aspects of ocean space
-Get Piracy classed as a universal crime
- Provide legal foundation to combat piracy
name the 2 things that were done to manage piracy
what is a problem with both of these management strategies
1- The movement of shipping lanes further out to sea, to avoid Somalian small boats
2. Have security on board to deter pirates
both expensive
A way of governing Piracy
What is the Djibouti code of conduct
and what did the 9 countries implement
Djibouti code of conduct is an agreement where 9 east African states signed up to tackle piracy.
They implemented resolution 1851, which was defeating piracy off Somalia’s coast by deploying naval vessels and military aircraft
List 4 facts about Somalia, which is why the majority of pirates are from there
- Somalia is a failed State, due to the government collapsing in 1991
- They have little control over the country as it is controlled by criminals
- 54% of Somalia’s working age population are unemployed leading to desperate attempts to find a source of income.
between 2011 and 2014 what was the pattern of Piracy that occurred
General pattern of piracy hot-spot attacks were along the east of Africa, near Somalia but then due to governance and management strategies, it reduced along the east
However by 2014, the pattern of attacks were on the west coast of Africa
In relation to the connections created by the UKs past maritime power
The UK’s EEZ was in the top 10 largest in the country, which one was it
United Kingdom’s exclusive economic zone is the fifth largest in the world
surrounding the UK, crown dependencies’ and British Overseas Territories (BOTs).
How many UK oversea territories did we have under out jurisdiction
What did we have that made us so dominant
14 territories under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the UK
We had the greatest navy power in 1920- the Royal navy dominated the oceans and protected colonies and trade routes
