Migration 2.2.5 rural to urban migration in developing countries Flashcards
What are causes of rural-urban migration, which promotes growth in developing countries (mainly in Asia)
list the 3 causes
- Mechanised agriculture
- Land grabs
- Employment pull factors in urban areas
China’s rural to urban migration
Explain the first cause of rural-urban migration
Mechanised agriculture is when machines take over human roles in farming
UK less than 2% of total workforce is in the primary sector
Decline in agriculture occurred due to the industrial revolution beginning 264 years ago
Previously, 2/3 of total workforce was in the primary sector because agriculture was important so mining, forestry, fishing were essential for survival
define Mechanisation
Mechanisation is the process of using machinery to perform tasks that were previously done manually by unskilled workers
-increasing efficiency, productivity from a large scale, as a result displacing human labour
Define the second cause of rural-urban migration
A Land grab is when a government or cooperation takes over large expenses of land in a developing country, forcing locals off the land at gunpoint, so the land can be used for foreign investment
Explain the second cause of rural-urban migration
-D_________, so loose a_____ to….
-so their loose their t_______ jo___ (li__________)
- En________ deg________, leading to d_________ (so___ de________), making living un_________ driving migr_____ to ________
A a result of Land grabs, many locals have to migrate from rural to urban areas because they were displaced. This means that they loose access to the land they farmed on, so they loose their traditional jobs (livelihood), pushing people to seek work in urban areas. Environmental Degradation of Land grabs, often lead to deforestation (or soil depletion), making rural living unsustainable, driving migration to cities.
Explain the 3 pull factors that occur in the third cause of rural-urban migration
1. j
2. h w
3. c g
Employment pull factors into urban areas is a cause of rural- urban migration
- Better job opportunities, which cities offer but rural areas don’t e.g. industries & services attracts rural residents.
Higher wages offered in urban areas, providing better financial stability compared to rural farming or informal work.
Finally, to add onto job and payment, cities also allow people’s career to grow, because they can access training and education that advances their skills
In the 3rd cause of rural-urban migration, explain what multinational corporations (MNCs) do
- ou______ e.g. S_____ have offered foreign MNCs like M________
- S__ is where ma_______ and ex______ tales place
- E__ are set up by g_____ to a______ F___ to in j___ o_______
inc____ e.g.g ta_ con______ are offered to com_____ sett___ up in these a____
______ was 1st to recognise how e_______ the ex____ zone model is in pr__________ growth, now there’s ____ S____ in ____.
MNCs outsource work to foreign companies as part of the global supply chain. Outsourcing e.g. Shenzhen have offered foreign MNCs like Microsoft
Asia’s 3 most populated (China, India, Indonesia) have SEZs (special economic zones) where manufacturing & exporting takes places.
Similarly EPZs (export processing zones) set up by governments to attract FDIs and create employment opportunities.
There are Incentives such e.g. tax concessions & duty free imports are offered to companies setting up in these areas.
India was 1st to recognise how efficient the export zone model is in promoting growth, now there’s 200 SEZs in India.
Name a country that is used as the main example of rural-urban migration in order to explain how this has helped them to develop
-Coa____ s____ were crucial to ______ early e_______ ______, large M____ were quick to build ________ relationships with ___________ factories in these low-tax _______. By 19__s, __% of ____ GDP was being generated in SEZs.
The low-__ E__s in J_____ is why there’s…………..
I_______ capital city. As it’s a popular ____________ location for ___s e.g. _____
China’s rural-urban migration
Coastal SEZs were crucial to China’s early economic growth, large MNCs were quick to build outsourcing relationships with Chinese-owned factories in these low-tax territories. By 1990s, 50% of China’s GDP was being generated in SEZs.
The low-tax EPZs in Jakarta is why there’s so much migration in Indonesia’s capital city. As it’s a popular offshoring location for MNCs e.g. GAP.
country example for rural-urban migration
give key fact and statistics
- working in one place earns more money than another
- poorest inland p______, give 2 examples, then s=in what date did farmers live on __ per day
- how many rural-urban migrants are there in _____ in _____
- name the place that has had rapid growth due to this migration
-name the place where in __ years the GD_ has risen
- working in factories in coastal towns people could earn more money in a month than in a year of growing rice
- poorest inland provinces were Anhui and Sichuan, as in 1980 farmers lived on $2 per day
-By 2000 there were 32 million rural-urban migrants in China
-Shenzhen region showed a rapid growth due to this migration
went from few thousand in 1978, to 12 million in 2010 classing Shenzhen as a mega city
-In just 30 years, the GDP of coastal provinces such as Guangdong has risen rapidly
state what the _____ government did, in order to become a rapidly growing developing country
China’s government actively invested in Special Economic Zones SEZs for outsourcing for countries such as the US, who used China a foreign country to make things such as shoes and pay their workers, which overall is cheaper for the US to export this, than to make it in their own country
Their are consequences of rural-urban migration that occur in the developing countries in both rural and urban areas
List the rural consequences that are positive consequences
positive rural consequences
-Environmental issues have been eased because of rural dwellers leaving, so there’s a reduction in desertification as their is less overuse of water
- Remittances are sent back to the rural areas, improving the quality of life e.g. north regions of Thailand receive 40 % of their income from remittances, as many have left to work in Bangkok
Their are consequences of rural-urban migration that occur in the developing countries in both rural and urban areas
List the rural consequences that are negative consequences
- growing ageing population in rural areas due to mass out migration of youthful population
- A noticing fall in economic productivity in rural areas, resulting in issues of food insecurity because an ageing workforce is left
- creates a bigger divide between rural and urban regions, as the rural communities start to lack skills, services and education because of the mass out migration to urban areas, which has them
Their are consequences of rural-urban migration that occur in the developing countries in both rural and urban areas
List the urban consequences that are negative consequences
there are no positive consequences, so onto the negatives
- more residents in urban areas than the authorities can provide for e.g. in Sao Paulo, Brazil, there’s 1/2 a mill new residents annually but there’s no space for them
- Increased crime rates has increased e.g. Sao Paulo, Brazil families felt vulnerable to the gangs who occupied land and sold it to newcomers
- forming of unauthorised settlements such as slums are often the migrants only home e.g. Dharavi Slum is home to 45,000 homes
noise and air pollution and increased corruption due to MNCs competing for space in urban areas
name and explain the the 1st top down strategy project in Lagos, N_____ which is a developing m______
E___ A_______ C___
- Eko Atlantic City, Lagos, Nigeria is a developing mega city
- urban development on Victoria Island, to be an upscale city designed on reclaimed land from the Atlantic ocean
- sea wall, high international standards for sewage and road networks
- Made to suit high end commercial and residential properties to attract investors and residents
- is environmentally sustainable due to drainage systems that reduce flooding and pollution
Eko Atlantic City reduces the impact of R-U M because of job creation and urban expansion (same for all)
+ improved living conditions
+ job opportunities
- lacks exclusivity as it only caters for the affluent
- displacement of local fishing communities and coastal ecosystem concerns due to the sea wall
name and explain the the 2nd top down strategy project in Lagos, N_____ which is a developing m______
- Lekki Free Trade Zone (LFTZ) in Lagos, Nigeria is a developing mega city
- LFTZ is an EEZ located on the Lekki peninsula, to promote industrialisation and economic growth
- Investment from government into ports and roads in this zone to prove an attract environment for investors
- Incentives such as duty free importation of primary commodities and tax free holidays
-Improved living standards
+ economic growth in Lagos
+ job creation (same for all)
- Inclusivity and lacked adequate infrastructure
