Nutrition Flashcards
Most common cause of blindness in young children worldwide
Vitamin A deficiency
Xerophthalmia
Nyctalopia (night blindness)
Vitamin A deficiency
Bleeding gums
Scurvy
Leg tenderness
Poor wound healing
Follicular hyperkeratosis
Corkscrew-coiled hairs
Vitamin C deficiency
Hemolytic anemias in preemies
Neuropathies, peripheral edema, thrombocytosis, muscle weakness in older children
Vitamin E deficiency
Pseudotumor cerebri
Isotrentinoin
Hepatoxicity
Hyperostosis
Dry skin
Alopecia
Vitamin A toxicity
Active metabolite of vitamin D
1, 25 hydroxycalciferol (calcitriol)
Measured vitamin D
25-hydroxy vitamin D
Hypercalcemia
Hyperphosphatemia
Low PTH
Vitamin D toxicity
Caloric needs per weight
100kcal/kg for 1st 10kg
50kcal/kg for 2nd 10kg
20kcal/kg for additional kg
Required caloric intake for preterm and term infants
100-120 kcal/kg/day
Protein requirement for preterm and term infants
Preterm: 3.5 g/kg/day
Term: 2-2.5 g/kg/day (first 6 mo)
Recommended concentration of iron in iron fortified formula
12 g/L
Age to start supplementing iron if receiving more than 50% of calories from break milk
4 months
Milk protein allergy
IgE mediated
Rash
N/V
Lactose intolerance
Irritability
No rash or vomiting
Can be secondary to viral gastroenteritis
Milk intolerance
Not IgE mediated
Indication for protein hydrosylate formula
Allergy to intact milk protein
Allergy to soy protein
Heme+ stools or hematochezia
Can present with AMS, shock.
Are afebrile
Not IgE mediated
Management
FPIES
(Food protein induced enterocolitis syndrome)
Protein hydrosylate formula or eliminate protein from mother’s diet
Scaly/eczematous dermatitis
Alopecia
Thrombocytopenia
Management
Fatty acid deficiency
IV lipids (linoleic and linolenic acid)
Acrodermatitis enteropathica
Poor growth
Alopecia
No lichenification
Autosomal recessive
Weaned from breast feeding
Zinc deficiency
Low serum copper
Low serum ceruloplasmin
High tissue copper
Pili torti
Developmental delay
Easily broken hair
X-linked recessive
Menkes kinky hair syndrome
Liver disease
AMS
low ceruloplasmin levels
Kayser Fleischer
Wilson’s disease
Diagnosed by liver biopsy
Apathy
Anorexia, thin hair
Dermatitis photosensitivity
Easy bruisability
Hypoalbuminemia, edema
Blanching erythematous rash with overlying reddish-brown scaling and sharply demarcated raised edges
Hepatomegaly
Kwashiorkor
(Chronic protein malnutrition)
Fats in Breast milk
Linoleic and linolenic acids
Electrolytes after 1 month of TPN
Normal calcium
Normal phosphorus
Elevated alkaline phosphates
Colostrum
High protein (IgA)
Yellow
High carotene
Cow’s milk compared to human breast milk
Higher phosphorus
Infant kidney cannot get rid of it fast enough. Leads to Hypocalcemia
Contraindications to Breast feeding
CMV, HIV, TB, HSV lesions on breast
Antithyroid meds
Amphetamines, cocaine, PCP
Radioactive/cytotoxic
errors of metabolism
Antibiotics (Flagyl)
Antiepileptics (Diazepam)
Adverse effects of starting solid food too young (ie before 4-6 mo)
Increase likelihood of GI infection
Difficult to digest (infants have low amylase)
Does not help sleep
Overweight
BMI between 85th and 95th percentile for age and gender
Obese
BMI > 95th percentile for age and gender
Endocrine causes of obesity
Hypothyroidism
Cushing syndrome
Growth hormone deficiency
Underweight
Muscle wasting
No edema
Normal hair
Marasmus
General nutritional deficiency
Most common complication of NG feeds
Diarrhea
Most severe complication of NG feeds
Vomiting with aspiration
Muscle weakness
Fatigue
Abnormal electrolytes
Management
Refeeding syndrome
Restart feeds at 50% of targeted kcal/kg/day
Electrolyte abnormalities in Refeeding syndrome
Hypokalemia
Hypophosphatemia
HypoMagnesemia
Hypoglycemia
Thiamine deficiency
Metaphyseal fraying and cupping
Widening of epiphyses in distal radius/ulna
Rickets
Diarrhea
Dermatitis
Corn mash consumption
Pellagra
(Vitamin B3 or niacin/nicotinic acid deficiency)
