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General Pathology > Normal Cells and ECM > Flashcards

Normal Cells and ECM Flashcards

1
Q

What accounts for 50-60% of total cell volume

A

Cytosol

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2
Q

Mitochondria

A

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place and it release energy in the form of ATP. Has its own genome

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3
Q

RER

A

Makes proteins contains ribosomes

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4
Q

SER

A

Produce lipids and detoxification reactions

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5
Q

Golgi

A

Packages things from the ER to the surface

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6
Q

Lysosomes

A

degrade macromolecules and extracellular materials. Contains hydrolases

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7
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Contains catalase and detoxify H2O2 and break down fatty acids

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8
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Gives cell its shape. Made of microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments and regulatory proteins

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9
Q

What regulates assembly and disassembly of cytoskeleton

A

Calcium

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10
Q

3 embryonic cell types

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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11
Q

Ectoderm

A

Forms cephalic disc and neural tube. CNS and PNs, sensory epithelium and epidermis derived from this

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12
Q

Mesoderm

A

Somites next to neural tube. CT, muscle, kidney, heart and blood vessels derived from this

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13
Q

Endoderm

A

Flat disc by ectoderm. GI and respiratory epithelium, liver, pancreas, and endocrine glands derived from this

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14
Q

How do cells interact

A
  • Membrane pumps and enzymes
  • Receptors
  • Cell to cell connections
  • Exocytosis
  • Endocytosis
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15
Q

Mechanisms for cell to cell interaction

A
  • Autocrine
  • Paracrine
  • Endocrine
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16
Q

Components of the ECM fall into what categories

A
  • Structural
  • Absorptive
  • Adhesive
17
Q

Structural components of ECM

A
  • Collagen

- Elastin

18
Q

Types of collagen

A

I- structural in most tissues
II- Cartilage component
IV- basement membranes

19
Q

Absorptive components of ECM

A
  • Glycosaminoglycans

- Proteoglycans

20
Q

Adhesive components of ECM

A
  • Fibronectin

- Laminin

21
Q

Fibronectin

A

Cell adhesin that links cell membrane integrins to ECM

22
Q

Laminin

A

Component of basement membranes that binds cell membrane integrins

23
Q

Components of intercalated disks

A
  • Desmosomes
  • Fascia adherens
  • Gap junctions
24
Q

Damage to intercalated discs

A

Results in arythmia, ventricular hypertrophy, and cardiomyopathy

25
Q

How are enterocytes linked

A
  • Desmosomes
  • Adheren junctions
  • Gap junctions
  • tight junctions
26
Q

Damage to enterocyte tight junctions

A

Leaky intestines can cause loss of fluids and diarrhea as well as bactermia and hyper sensitivity due to antigen exposure as well as metabolic disorders

27
Q

Mechanisms of cell aging

A
  • Altered gene expression
  • Telomere shortening
  • Progressive metabolic injury
28
Q

Morphology of aging cells

A
  • Irregular nuclei
  • Vacuolated mitochondria
  • Reduced ER
  • Lipofuscin
  • Accumulation of metabolic products
29
Q

Apoptosis

A

Active process that remove damaged or unneeded cells through a programmed physiological cell death

30
Q

Apoptosis causes

A
  • Patterned death during embryogenesis
  • Maintain balance in growing pop
  • removal of cells after they’ve done their job
  • Removal of self-reactive lymphocytes
31
Q

Mechanism of apoptosis

A
  • Initiation phase

- Execution

32
Q

Initiation phase of apoptosis

A

Extrinsic: Fas-FasL pathway leading to procaspase 8
Intrinsic: loss of Bcl-2 and Bcl-x, mitochondria leak cytochrome C and Bax, Bak and Bim and activates procaspase 9

33
Q

Execution phase of apoptosis

A

After initiation caspases mediate the cleavage of structural and functional cell proteins causing cell death

34
Q

Pro-apoptotic proteins

A
  • Bax, Bak, Bim

- Smac/DIABLO

35
Q

Anti-apoptotic proteins

A
  • Bcl-2 and Bcl-x

- IAP

36
Q

Apoptotic morphology

A
  • Cell shrinkage
  • Condensation of cytoplasmic and nuclear components
  • Formation of membrane bound vesicles
  • no inflammation
37
Q

What can cause apoptosis

A
  • Unrepaired DNA damage
  • Heat
  • Hypoxia
  • Viral infection
  • Physical pressure

General Pathology (30 decks)

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