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General Pathology > Inflammation mediators > Flashcards

Inflammation mediators Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of mediators

A

-Scavenged or blocked by inhibitors, rapidly decay, and enzymatically destroyed

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2
Q

Two categories of mediators

A

-Plasma-derived mediators= liver
-Cell-derived mediators

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3
Q

Plasma derived mediators

A

-Factor XII
-Kinins
-Plasmin
-Complement
-Inflammation inhibitors

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4
Q

Cell-derived mediators

A

-Vasoactive amines
-Membrane lipid products
-Oxygen metabolites
-Cytokines
-Lysosomal enzyme products

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5
Q

Factor XII

A

-Start of intrinsic pathway=fibrin
-Activates kinin pathways
-Activate plasminogen
-Activate complement

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6
Q

Kinins

A

Two pathways: plasma kinin and tissue kinin pathway Product of both is bradykinin

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7
Q

Plasma kinin pathway

A

Activation of FactorXII and HMWK and prekalilrein complex-> kalikrein cleaves HMWK into bradykinin

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8
Q

Tissue kinin pathway

A

Stimulated by LMWK cleaved by tissue kallikrien-> kallidin-> bradykinin

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9
Q

Bradykinin activity

A

-Increased vascular permeability
-Vasodilation
-Extravascular smooth muscle contraction (ie lungs)
-Pain

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10
Q

What inactivates bradykinin

A

kininases
(angiotensin converting enzyme from endothelium)

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11
Q

Plasmin functions

A

-Fibrinolysis
-Activation of Factor XII
-Complement activation (cleave C3 to C3a)

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12
Q

Complement

A

Classical, alternate and MBL pathway and form biologically active products

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13
Q

Complement pathway

A

Initiated by antibody complexes C1 activated whem IgG crosslink-> C3 convertase-> C3-> C3a and b-> C5 convertase-> C5a and b

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14
Q

Alternate pathway

A

Activated by bacterial and fungal cell walls, parasites, tumors, and activated plasma proteins. Initiated by C3-> C3 convertase-> C3a and b-> C5 convertase-> C5a and b

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15
Q

MBL pathway

A

MBL binding to mannose on bacterial surface. All is the same but initiation C3 convertase made by MASP

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16
Q

Terminal pathway

A

Endpoint of complement activation initiated by C5 to form the MAC and destroy membranes. C5b anchors MAC into lipid membrane so all the other molecules can bind to form MAC. Osmotic lysis of cell

17
Q

Functions of complement fragments

A

-C3a and C5a increase vascular permeability
-C3b and C5s neutrophil degranulation
-C3b is an opsonin and enchance platelet aggregation
-C5a and C5b67 are chemotactiv for leukocytes
-C5b6789 lysis cell membrane

18
Q

Inactivator of complement fragments

A

-Alpha 2-macroglobulin
-Kininases
-Alpha-1 antitrypsin

19
Q

Vasoactive amines

A

Histamine and serotonin (important for rodents) stored in mast cells, basophils, and platelets

20
Q

What stimulates vasoactive amines

A

-Allergic reactions
-Cold
-C3a and C5a
-IL1 and IL 8
-Substance P

21
Q

Biologic effect of vasoactive amines

A

-Vasodilation (arteriole)
-Increase vascular permeability (venule)
-Smooth muscle constriction (airway)
-Eosinophil chemotaxis
-Pain
-Itching

22
Q

Arachidonic acid metabolism

A

Component of cell membrane phospholipids mainly in endothelium, leukocyte, and platelets. Phospholipase A2 results in numerous products

23
Q

Pathways of arachidonic

A

COX and LOX

24
Q

Leukotriene products

A

-LTB4 chemotaxis, vascular permeability, degranulation of neutrophils
-LTC4 vascular permeability vasoconstriction
-LTC,D,E4 vasodilation and vascular permeability

25
Q

Lipoxins

A

Derived from platelets and neutrophils and are pro and anti inflammatory and counteract leukotrienes depending on concentration

26
Q

Platelet activating factor

A

Phospholipase A2 and acetyltransferase and do the same thing as the other Arachidonic actions

27
Q

Reactive oxygen metabolites

A

Normal products of aerobic metabolism need antioxidants to counter. Produced by leukocytes, endothelium, and pagelets (kill organisms in leukocytes)

28
Q

Effects of reactive oxygen metabolites

A

-endothelial injury and increased permeability
-chemotactic substances
-activate cytokines
-AA metabolites
-Inactivate anti inflammatory substances
-Cell and tissue damage

29
Q

NO metabolies

A

Produce by endothelium, macrophages and neurons constitutive in endothelium (eNOS) inducible in macrophages (iNOS)

30
Q

Neuropeptides

A

Substance P produced by nerves, macrophages, and lymphocytes. Get neurogenic inflammation

31
Q

Effects of substance P

A

-Vasodilation
-Vascular permeability
-Leukocyte activation
-Chemotaxis

General Pathology (30 decks)

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