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General Pathology > Cell injury > Flashcards

Cell injury Flashcards

1
Q

General causes of injured cells

A

-Changes in available nutrients (like O2)
-Direct cell damage (microorganisms, toxins, physical forces)

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2
Q

Cell injury susceptibility

A

-Cells have widely variable resistance
-Metabolic status will influence
-Neurons and cardiac myocytes susceptible to hypoxia
-Fibroblasts or squamous cells can survive absence better

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3
Q

Mechanisms of cell injury

A

-Loss of membrane integrity
-Loss of ability to produce energy
-Genetic damage

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4
Q

Loss of membrane integrity

A

Cell membranes breakdown and loose ability to segregate reaction within cell or can loose barrier to environment and loose gradients

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5
Q

Loss of ability to produce energy

A

ATP is insufficient to support cell functions

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6
Q

Mechanism of loss of membrane integrity

A

-Free radical-induced damage
-Phospholipase-induced damage
-Direct membrane damage

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7
Q

Free radical injury

A

Unpaired electrons that readily react with surrounding molecules, causing chain reaction as electron passed to molecule to molecule

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8
Q

Where are free radicals formed

A

-During oxidation reduction reactions during aerobic respiration
-Biotransformation of chemical substances
-Nitric oxide metabolism

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9
Q

Effects of reactive oxygen metabolites

A

-Protein and membrane degradation
-DNA damage
-Inflammation

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10
Q

Protective mechanisms against free radical injury

A

-Vitamins A,C, and E
-Iron and copper binding proteins
-Specific enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase etc)

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11
Q

Phospholipase-induced injury

A

Activated membrane phospholipases cleave phospholipids out of the membrane. Can be because of increased Ca or because of decreased energy

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12
Q

Causes of direct membrane injury

A

-Bacterial toxins
-Xenobiotics
-Complement

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13
Q

Pathways in which ATP is produces

A

-Oxidative phosphorylation
-Anaerobic glycolysis

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14
Q

Mechanisms of the loss of ability to produce energy

A

-Failure of energy dependent membrane pumps
-Decreased intracellular pH
-Decreased protein synthesis
-Cytoskeletal degradation
-Membrane degradation
-Leakage of organelle contents
-Organelle dysfunction

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15
Q

Role of calcium in cell injury

A

-Mitochondrial injury
-Phospholipase activation
-Protease activation
-Endonuclease activation

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16
Q

Effects of genetic injury

A

-No effect
-Cell dysfunction leading to disease
-Cell transformation leading to neoplasia
-Cell death

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17
Q

Sublethal injury types

A

-Cell swelling
-Intracellular accumulations
-Neoplastic transformation

18
Q

Lethal injury results

A

-Apoptosis
-Necrosis

19
Q

Mechanism of cell swelling

A

Membrane ion pumps fail to maintain osmotic gradients so water enters the cell. Look swollen and vacuolated or hydropic change. Reversible

20
Q

Intracellular accumulations

A

Abnormal metabolism, functional demands exceeding capability, or exposure to agents leads to accumulations either endogenous or exogenous. Reversible

21
Q

Examples of endogenous intracellular accumulations

A

-Metabolic storage diseases
-Lipidosis
-Glycogenosis
-Intracellular pigments

22
Q

Lipidosis

A

Triglyceride accumulation that can be physiological or pathological

23
Q

Pathologic causes of lipidosis

A

-Hepatotoxins
-Hypoxia
-Starvation

24
Q

Morphology of lipidosis

A

Cytoplasmic vacuoles of variable size

25
Q

Endogenous accumulations due to glycogenosis

A

Glycogen accumulates due to abnormal metabolism. Cells look swollen. See in diabetes mellitis

26
Q

Hemosiderin endogenous accumulations

A

Intracellular aggregates of ferritin associated with increased rbc senescence or hemolysis

27
Q

Lipofuscin-ceroid endogenous accumulations

A

Undegradable remnants of oxidized membrane lipids. It can accumulate from aging or membrane oxidation

28
Q

Exogenous intracellular accumulations

A

-Viral inclusions
-Carbon
-Non nutritive minerals (lead)

29
Q

Sublethal injury leading to transformation

A

Due to genetic injury can be transformed and are not injured now but detrimentally changed

30
Q

Morphology of transformed cells

A

-May be normal or hyperplasia
-Anaplasia
-Pleomorphism

31
Q

Lethal cell injury

A

Insult exceeds ability to adapt or responds. Can progress here from sublethal injury

32
Q

Physiologic Causes of apoptosis

A

-Patterned death during embryogenesis
-Hormone/cytokine induced
-Maintain balance during proliferation
-Removal of cell no longer needed
-Removal of self reactive lymphocytes

33
Q

Pathologic causes of apoptosis

A

-Unrepaired DNA damage
-Heat
-Hypoxia
-Viral infection
-Physical pressure

34
Q

Necrosis

A

Death from injury that disrupts the ability to function and happens after it is dead and is a passive process. Autolysis of cell in living animal

35
Q

Autolysis

A

Self digestion of cell or tissue

36
Q

Postmortem autolysis

A

Self digestion of cells/tissues/organs after animal dies

37
Q

Causes of necrosis

A

-Hypoxia
-Direct membrane injury
-Many of same things that initiate apoptosis may cause this if severe enough

38
Q

Mechanism of necrosis

A

-Degradation of lytic enzymes can come from same cell (autolysis) or from responding cell (heterolysis)

39
Q

Necrosis morphology

A

-Eosinophilia
-Smooth, homogenous cytoplasm
-Vacuolation
-Nuclear degeneration
-Inflammation response

40
Q

What type of cell destruction is always pathologic and causes inflammation

A

Necrosis

41
Q

Post mortem autolysis

A

Cell and tissue degradation that occurs following death of an animal. Occurs in a predictable fashion

42
Q

Difference in ante mortem and post mortem autolysis

A

No inflammation or host response in post mortem and occurs in predictable fashion

General Pathology (30 decks)

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