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General Pathology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of endocrine system

A

-maintenance of homeostasis-> mediated by hormones
-Regulated by feedback systems

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2
Q

Increased function endocrine system

A

-Primary: increased hormone by abnormal gland
-Secondary: increased hormone by normal gland that is excessively stimulated

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3
Q

Decreased function of endocrine system

A

-Primary: decreased hormone by abnormal gland
-Secondary: decreased hormone by normal gland that is inadequately stimulated

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4
Q

Pituitary gland structure

A

-Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
Pars intermedia
Pars tuberalis
-Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
pars nervosa
Infundibular stalk

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5
Q

Function of Adenohypophysis

A

-Growth hormone (somatotrophin)
-Luteotropic hormone (stimulate progesterone)
-Luteinizing hormone (stimulate estrogen)
-Follicle stimulating hormone (Follicle growth and spermatogenesis)
-TSH
-ACTH
-Melanocyte stimulating hormone

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6
Q

Function of neurohypophysis

A

-ADH
-Oxytocin

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7
Q

Acidophils

A

Somatotrophs and gonadotrophs

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8
Q

Basophils

A

Gonadotrophs and thyrotropes

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9
Q

Chromophobes

A

Corticotropes and melanotrophs

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10
Q

Pituitary increased hormone activity

A

Functional neoplasia
Increased stimulation by hypothalamus
Antehormone like substance

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11
Q

Dicreased pituitary hormone activity

A

Destructive lesions
Non responsive tissue targets

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12
Q

Decreased pituitary hormone activity

A

Destructive lesions
Non responsive tissue targets

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13
Q

Chromophobe adenoma

A

Functional adenoma
Chromophopes are unregulated and produce too much ACTH (Cushings) can cause diffuse hyperplasia of the adeoma, most likely to be microademona and be function less likely to be macroademoa which is more of a space occupying mass

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14
Q

Pars intermedia adenoma

A

Chromophobe adenoma in dogs, Can be functional or compressive. More common in horses could be from age related oxidative injury of dopaminergic neurons

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15
Q

Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses

A

Decrease dopamine results in increased activity of melanotrophs->POMC-> ACTH and other products
Can be from hyperplasia to micro/macroadenoma and cause hypothalamic compression
Adrenal glands normal

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16
Q

Signs of PPID

A

Increased hair growth
Increased adipose tissue deposition
Weight loss

17
Q

Somatotroph adenoma

A

Mainly cats, dogs, sheep
Functional adenoma-> increase insulin like growth factor (acromegaly, diabetes mellitus)
Non functional adenoma-> panhypopituritism and hypothalamic compression

18
Q

Pituitary cysts

A

Abnormal development in or around the pituitary gland. Can compress or damage surrounding structures

19
Q

Craniopharyngeal duct cyst

A

Diabetes insipidus
Pituitary hypofunction

20
Q

Pharyngeal hypophyseal cyst

A

Respiratory distress

21
Q

Oropharyngeal ectoderm cyst

A

Panhypopituitarism
Juvenile hypopituitarism in German shepherds

22
Q

Pituatary dwarfism

A

Failure of Rathkes pouch to differentiate adenohypophysis
Decreased growth hormone (insulin-like growth factor 1)
Retention of puppy hair progressing to alopecia

23
Q

Craniopharyngioma

A

Neoplastic remnants of Rathkes pouch oropharyngeal ectoderm. See hypothalamic destruction and decreased hypothalamic trophic hormones. young dogs, rare

24
Q

Non functionadenoma

A

Not secreting hormones, see issues because of pressure on hypothalamic areas

25
Q

Pituitary abscesses

A

In cattle and secondary to nasal septal infections
Space occupying lesions. See blindness, depression, drooling, tongue prolapse, similar to rabies

26
Q

Pituitary DIabetes insipidus

A

Destruction of neurohypophysis or Supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus. Decreased ADH

27
Q

Hyperfunction of adrenal gland

A

Primary or secondary adrenal involvement

28
Q

Hypofunction of adrenal gland

A

May be primary or secondary adrenal involvement

29
Q

Adrenal cortical adenoma or carcinoma

A

Most arise from zona fasciculata. Less common glomerulosa in cats of reticularis in ferrets. Adenomas more common than carcinoma

30
Q

Diffuse Adrenal hyperplasia

A

Occurs secondary to functional chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary (excess ACTH)
See hyperadrenocorticism

31
Q

Nodular adrenal hyperplasia

A

Age related change in dogs, cats, horses, Some are functional and some non functional

32
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Arise in chromaffin cells of the medulla. Most non function . Can get functional neoplasia resulting in hypertension due to NE. Can be benign or malignant

33
Q

Adrenal hypoplasia or agenesis

A

Rare condition of dogs. Agenesis is fatal. See hypoadrenocarticism

34
Q

Diffuse adrenal cortical atrophy

A

Common in dogs on long term glucocorticoid therapy resulting in inhibition of adrenal cortical function and subsequent atrophy. Uncommonly idiopathic or immune mediated

35
Q

Injury to the adrenal galnd

A

Due to high vascularity
-Thrombosis due to DIC
-Adrenalitis due to infectious emboli
-Metastatic neoplasia

General Pathology (30 decks)

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