Circulatory System

Question 1

Site of cellular events associated with infalmmation

Answer 1

Post capillary

Question 2

Interstitiums- blood vessel movement

Answer 2

-Lipid soluble move through endothelial cel
-Water soluble goes through endothelial pore

Question 3

Inter endothelial gaps in lymphatics

Answer 3

Moves freely when lymphatics have low pressure and because they are overlapping the gaps are closed off when pressure is high in there. This allows it to flow

Question 4

What controls interstitial fluid distribution

Answer 4

-Anatomic integrity of the circulation
-Osmotic pressure
-Hydrostatic pressure

Question 5

Plasma osmolality is predominantly from

Answer 5

Na and Cl usually even in compartments so don’t get net flux. must rely on large proteins in blood to get flux because they can;t cross membranes

Question 6

What is the major factor in driving water exchange between plasma and interstitium

Answer 6

Intravasular hydrostatic pressure in capillaries

Question 7

Mechanisms of edema

Answer 7

-Decreased plasma osmotic pressure
-Increased plasma hydrostatic pressure
-Decreased lymphatic drainage
-Increased vascular permeability

Question 8

Decreased plasma osmotic pressure

Answer 8

-hypoalbuminemia is common underlying factor
-Contributes majorly to intravascular osmotic pressure
-Generalized edema because systemic

Question 9

Hypoalbuminemia causes

Answer 9

-Starvation
-Liver disease
-Renal disease
-GI disease
-Severe burns

Question 10

Increase plasma hydrostatic pressure

Answer 10

Net outflow of fluid from vessels to interstitium. Usually from heart failures or local venous obstructions

Question 11

Causes of increased plasma hydrostatic pressure

Answer 11

-Increased blood flow
-Passive accumulation
-Heart failure

Question 12

Right heart failure

Answer 12

Blood backs into portal circulation. Get ascites in abdominal cavity

Question 13

Left heart failure

Answer 13

Pulmonary congestion and get pulmonary edema which goes into the alveoli since it is so thin

Question 14

Generalized Heart failure

Answer 14

Generalized edema can result in reduced circulating blood volume which stimulates ADH and aldosterone to which contribute to hypervolemia and increased plasma hydrostatic pressure

Question 15

Causes of decreased lymphatic drainage

Answer 15

-Lymphatic obstruction or lymphatic anomalies
-Almost always localized

Question 16

Increased vascular permeabilitu

Answer 16

Increases so that water is just freely moving out of vessel

Question 17

Causes of increased vascular permeability

Answer 17

-Inflammation
-Inflammatory mediators (Histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes, TNF, IL 1, Gamma IFN)
From immunologic stimuli or direct injury. Localized

Question 18

Gross morphology of edema

Answer 18

Clear, gel-like fluid within tissues that tend to gravitate ventrally

Question 19

Fluid in body cavity

Answer 19

-Ascites-fluid in abdomen
-Hydrothorax-in thoracic cavity
-Hydropericardium- pericardial sac

Question 20

Histologic morphology of edema

Answer 20

Eosinophilic amorphous material within a tissue

Question 21

Significance of edema

Answer 21

Can be insignifiacant to fatal (cerebral or pulmonary edema)

Question 22

Clinical classification of edema

Answer 22

-Nutritional (albumin)
-Renal (albumin)
-Cardiac (hydrostatic pressure)
-Parasitic (albumin