Factors Affecting disease Flashcards
Tolerance to disease
Limit impact disease on the host, cause isn’t eliminated but co-existing with disease agent. Minimize damage
Avoidance of disease influenced by
Husbandry and management decisions
Resistance dependent on
Immunity and inflammation
Tolerance mechanisms
Complex and poorly understood
-Mechanisms to limit immune and inflammatory reactions
-Mechanisms to control tissue damage and repair
-Mechanisms to alter metabolic processes
Genomics
Study of structure, function, and evolution of organisms entire set of DNA
Genetics
May enhance or decrease ability to respond to disease
-Can alter with breeding programs
-Genes and pathways for resistance and susceptibility not well known
-Can change during life due to mutation
Lysostaphin
Antimicrobial peptide made by S. simulans that cleaves S. aureus wall. Introduce into bovine mammary epithelial cells to become resistant to mastitis from S. aureus
Age associated changes in genome
-Stability decreases
-mitochondrial activity negatively altered
-Cellular autophagy less efficient
-Oxidative stress
-Telomere shortening
-Microbiome alteration
-Metabolic inefficiencies
Gender predisposition
-Genetic and hormonal differences (may be constant or change with age)
-Women have stronger immune responses than men
-Women more likely to get autoimmune diseases
-Men have increased risk of death from malignant cancer
-Behavior differences
Host response: inflammation
-Integrated, multisystemic host response to remove adverse stimuli
-Initiated by infectious agents, damaged tissue, irritants, non infectious immunologic stimuli, and metabolic abnormalities
-Can be helpful or detrimental
Protective barriers
-Anatomic barriers
-Chemical barriers
-Mechanical barriers
-Physiological barriers
Microbiota
Entire collection of microorganisms that live in a specific environment, GI tract, skin etc
Microbiome
Genetic material of all the microbes living within that environment
Factors influencing the microbiome
-Genetics/heredity
-Coevolution between host and microbes
-Host mechanisms/ physiology
-Diet, medications, antimicrobials, prebiotics, probiotics
-Age
Role of microbiota
-Enhance resistance to pathogens
-Modulate immune responses and inflammation
-metabolic functions
-Influence neurologic function and behavior
