Cell Growth and Adaptation

Question 1

Classification of cell growth and adaptation

Answer 1

• Congenital
• Acquired
• Abnormal

Question 2

Congenital

Answer 2

Born with something (Aplasia, Hypoplasia)

Question 3

Acquired

Answer 3

Hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia. Adapted changes

Question 4

Abnormal

Answer 4

Anaplasia, dysplasia, neoplasia

Question 5

When do cells need to adapt

Answer 5

• dynamic changes during development
• Increased need for function
• Decreased need for function

Question 6

Factors influencing cell growth and adaptation

Answer 6

• Cell microenvironment
• Physical or mechanical stressors on tissues and organs
• Genetic alterations of cells

Question 7

Aplasia

Answer 7

Cells do not grow. See absence or partial absence of tissue always congenital

Question 8

Hypoplasia

Answer 8

Decreased growth of cells. Incomplete or partial formation of a tissue or organ. Always congenital

Question 9

Hyperplasia

Answer 9

Increase in the number of cells. Can be physiological such as in reproductive processes

Question 10

Pathological hyperplasia

Answer 10

Increase in cell numbers and activity are detrimental to the animal. Such as in excessive proliferation during healing, bone loss from parathyroid hyperplasia. As well as put pressure on structures around it

Question 11

Hypertrophy

Answer 11

Increase in the size of a cell. Can be physiological again in repro processes or skeletal muscles. Primarily happens in muscles

Question 12

Pathological hypertrophy

Answer 12

Usually has same stimuli but if too excessive or inappropriate causes pathogenesis. Cardiac myocyte hypertrophy from CHF. Intestinal stenosis

Question 13

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy

Answer 13

Often see concurrently because of demand for function, might see hyperplasia grossly and hypertrophy microscopically due to passing through cell cycle so fast

Question 14

Atrophy

Answer 14

Decrease in size and or number of cells. In most cases the size and number go down. Can be physiological such as in repro processes

Question 15

Pathological atrophy

Answer 15

Inappropriate loss of stimuli or inhibitory stimuli, such as skeletal muscles following denervation, bone loss from mineral imbalance etc

Question 16

Metaplasia

Answer 16

Adaptation where there is a replacement of one mature cell type with another mature cell type. Cells often return to previous cell type if cause is removed. Such as squamous metaplasia of airway mucosa due to irritants

Question 17

Pathological metaplasia

Answer 17

Often metaplasia contributes to pathologic change, can get decreased pulmonary defense, decreased glandular secretions, osseous changes

Question 18

Dysplasia

Answer 18

Abnormal cell morphology and growth

Question 19

Cell dysplasia

Answer 19

• Size shape and appearance is different
• Large nuclei, more organelles more rapid mitosis
• May be pre-neoplastic

Question 20

Tissue/ organ level dysplasia

Answer 20

Congenital or acquired gross abnormalities characterized by abnormal morphology

Question 21

Anaplasia

Answer 21

Cells are poorly differentiated and lack morphologic features from cell derived from. Common feature of neoplastic cells

Question 22

Prognosis with high degrees of anaplasia

Answer 22

Poorer prognosis

Question 23

Neoplasia

Answer 23

New growth of genetically abnormal cells. Can range from normal to dysplasia to anaplasia