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General Pathology > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplasia

A

Growth of genetically altered cells. Can have no significance or fatal

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2
Q

Causes of neoplastic cells

A

-Inherited
-Chemicals
-Infectious agents
-Physical agents

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3
Q

Inherited neoplasia

A

Germline DNA abnormalities are passed from generations Can cause neoplasia or predisposition of neoplasia

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4
Q

Chemical exposure neoplasia

A

Endogenous or exogenous chemicals act as mutagens or carcinogens

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5
Q

Infectious agent neoplasia

A

Viruses notable cause, Incorporate or activate oncogenes or suppress host responses against neoplastic cells

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6
Q

Physical agents neoplasia

A

Radiation with short wavelengths damage DNA (UV, X rays, gamma rays)

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7
Q

DNA damage checkpoints

A

-G1/S
-S
-G2/M
arrest if damage present

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8
Q

DNA replication checkpoint

A

G2/M. Arrest until replication is complete

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9
Q

Spindle checkpoint

A

M stage. Makes sure chromosomes aligned

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10
Q

Morphogenesis checkpoint

A

G2/M. Arrest when cytoskeletal abnormalities

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11
Q

Protooncogenes

A

Promote cell growth and division

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12
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A

Inhibit cell growth and division

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13
Q

What genes are commonly associated with cell transfromation

A

-Protooncogenes
-Tumor suppressor genes
-Regulate DNA repair
-Regulate apoptosis

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14
Q

Protooncogene examples

A

-hst and erb genes (growth factors)
-ras gene (signal transducer)
-myc gene, cyclinds and CDK (regulators of the cell cycle)

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15
Q

Ways protooncogenes become oncogenes

A

-Damage to coding sequence and get abnormal protein(oncoprotein)
-Damage from outside of the coding region but dysregulate expression

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16
Q

Oncoproteins

A

No regulatory controls tend to push cell cycle faster and see increased number of abnormal cells

17
Q

Mutated RAS

A

Lead to permanent activation of pathway even without external signals. Lots of transcription

18
Q

Tumor suppressor gene examples

A

-Inhibitory cytokines
-Signal transducers and mediators (nf-1 and APC)
-Inhibitory regulators of the cell cycle (p53 and RB)

19
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A

Counteract protooncogenes

20
Q

Mutated RB

A

Tumor suppressor. Blocks movement through the cycle normally. If phosphorylated it will no longer suppress RAS get too much transcription

21
Q

Pathogenesis of tumor suppressor gene

A

-damage to coding region resulting in abnormal protein
-Damage in non coding region and get dysregulation of protein synthesis

22
Q

Mechanism of mutation to DNA repair genes

A

-exposure to mutagens
-Mistakes during DNA replication

23
Q

DNA repair genes

A

Many mistakes are made so mutations are common and are often just fixed. Able to repair because it has two strand and you have a template

24
Q

BRCA1

A

Repair double stranded breaks. Mutations in this lead to neoplasia due to DNA mutations in dividing cells go up. Can be congenital or acquired

25
Q

Apoptotic genes

A

Prevent cells with unrepaired DNA damage from replicating. Many are also protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Consist of Bcl-2 gene family

26
Q

Apoptotic gene examples

A

-p53 uses p21 to cause cell cycle arrest if not repaired it causes apoptosis.

27
Q

Mitochondria and apoptosis

A

Houses important stimulants for apoptosis. If it gets leaky it releases cytochrome C which sets of the caspases causing apoptosis

28
Q

Transformed cells

A

Unstable and can lead to more acquired mutations. Sequence of mutations will determine whether it develops into neoplasia. Loos at the pattern

29
Q

Feline mammary carcinoma

A

HER2

30
Q

Canine mast cells tumors

A

Kit mutations

31
Q

Canine mammary neoplasia

A

BRACA 2

32
Q

Bovine leukemia virus associated lymphosarcoma

A

p53 overexpression

33
Q

p53 and RAS mutations

A

More common in humans than it is in dogs and cats

34
Q

Other causes of neoplasia

A

-Non mutagenic stimuli (food etc) alter cell cycle events. Don’t alter DNA
-Epigenetic heritable changes. Doesn’t change DNA may be post-translational

General Pathology (30 decks)

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