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Humanities CLEP > Nonfiction Literature - (15% of Exam) > Flashcards

Nonfiction Literature - (15% of Exam) Flashcards

1
Q

Key Figure

A

Details

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2
Q

Plato

A

Time Period: Ancient Greek Philosophy
Contribution: Wrote The Republic, exploring justice, the ideal state, and philosophy.

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3
Q

Aristotle

A

Time Period: Ancient Greek Philosophy
Contribution: Wrote Nicomachean Ethics, laying the foundation for Western ethics and logic.

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4
Q

Marcus Aurelius

A

Time Period: Ancient Roman Philosophy
Contribution: Wrote Meditations, a Stoic guide to self-discipline and virtue.

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5
Q

Saint Augustine

A

Time Period: Late Antiquity
Contribution: Wrote Confessions, an autobiographical work blending theology and philosophy.

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6
Q

Niccolò Machiavelli

A

Time Period: Renaissance Political Thought
Contribution: Wrote The Prince, a pragmatic guide to power and statecraft.

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7
Q

Michel de Montaigne

A

Time Period: Renaissance Essayist
Contribution: Wrote Essays, pioneering the modern personal essay form.

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8
Q

Francis Bacon

A

Time Period: 17th Century Philosophy
Contribution: Wrote Novum Organum, advocating for the scientific method.

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9
Q

René Descartes

A

Time Period: 17th Century Philosophy
Contribution: Wrote Discourse on Method, introducing Cartesian skepticism and rationalism.

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10
Q

John Locke

A

Time Period: Enlightenment Philosophy
Contribution: Wrote Two Treatises of Government, foundational to modern democracy and liberalism.

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11
Q

Voltaire

A

Time Period: Enlightenment Philosophy
Contribution: Wrote Candide, satirizing optimism and advocating for reason and tolerance.

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12
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A

Time Period: Enlightenment Philosophy
Contribution: Wrote The Social Contract, theorizing the origins of political legitimacy.

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13
Q

Adam Smith

A

Time Period: Enlightenment Economics
Contribution: Wrote The Wealth of Nations, pioneering modern economic thought.

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14
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft

A

Time Period: 18th Century Feminism
Contribution: Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, advocating for women’s education and equality.

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15
Q

Immanuel Kant

A

Time Period: 18th Century Philosophy
Contribution: Wrote Critique of Pure Reason, shaping modern epistemology and ethics.

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16
Q

G.W.F. Hegel

A

Time Period: 19th Century Philosophy
Contribution: Wrote Phenomenology of Spirit, developing dialectical idealism.

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17
Q

Karl Marx

A

Time Period: 19th Century Political Thought
Contribution: Wrote The Communist Manifesto, critiquing capitalism and advocating for socialism.

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18
Q

Henry David Thoreau

A

Time Period: 19th Century American Thought
Contribution: Wrote Walden, reflecting on simplicity and self-reliance.

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19
Q

Frederick Douglass

A

Time Period: 19th Century Abolitionism
Contribution: Wrote Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, exposing the horrors of slavery.

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20
Q

Friedrich Nietzsche

A

Time Period: 19th Century Philosophy
Contribution: Wrote Thus Spoke Zarathustra, developing existential and nihilistic ideas.

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21
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Time Period: 20th Century Psychology
Contribution: Wrote The Interpretation of Dreams, pioneering psychoanalysis.

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22
Q

Virginia Woolf

A

Time Period: 20th Century Feminism
Contribution: Wrote A Room of One’s Own, exploring gender and creative independence.

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23
Q

Mahatma Gandhi

A

Time Period: 20th Century Political Thought
Contribution: Wrote The Story of My Experiments with Truth, advocating for nonviolent resistance.

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24
Q

W.E.B. Du Bois

A

Time Period: 20th Century Civil Rights
Contribution: Wrote The Souls of Black Folk, discussing race and identity in America.

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25
Q

Albert Einstein

A

Time Period: 20th Century Science
Contribution: Wrote Relativity: The Special and the General Theory, explaining physics for a broad audience.

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26
Q

George Orwell

A

Time Period: 20th Century Political Thought
Contribution: Wrote Homage to Catalonia, detailing his experiences in the Spanish Civil War.

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27
Q

Hannah Arendt

A

Time Period: 20th Century Political Thought
Contribution: Wrote The Origins of Totalitarianism, analyzing the rise of authoritarianism.

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28
Q

James Baldwin

A

Time Period: 20th Century Civil Rights
Contribution: Wrote The Fire Next Time, addressing race relations in America.

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29
Q

Rachel Carson

A

Time Period: 20th Century Environmentalism
Contribution: Wrote Silent Spring, exposing the dangers of pesticides and launching the modern environmental movement.

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30
Q

Marshall McLuhan

A

Time Period: 20th Century Media Theory
Contribution: Wrote Understanding Media, coining ‘the medium is the message’.

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31
Q

Michel Foucault

A

Time Period: 20th Century Philosophy
Contribution: Wrote Discipline and Punish, exploring power structures in society.

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32
Q

Carl Sagan

A

Time Period: 20th Century Science
Contribution: Wrote Cosmos, popularizing astronomy and scientific wonder.

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33
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

Time Period: 20th Century Linguistics & Politics
Contribution: Wrote Manufacturing Consent, critiquing mass media and propaganda.

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34
Q

Edward Said

A

Time Period: 20th Century Postcolonialism
Contribution: Wrote Orientalism, critiquing Western perceptions of the East.

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35
Q

Stephen Hawking

A

Time Period: 21st Century Science
Contribution: Wrote A Brief History of Time, explaining the universe in layman’s terms.

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36
Q

Malcolm X

A

Time Period: 20th Century Civil Rights
Contribution: Wrote The Autobiography of Malcolm X, detailing his transformation and activism.

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37
Q

Ta-Nehisi Coates

A

Time Period: 21st Century Civil Rights
Contribution: Wrote Between the World and Me, reflecting on race and identity in America.

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38
Q

Yuval Noah Harari

A

Time Period: 21st Century History
Contribution: Wrote Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, analyzing human civilization.

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39
Q

Angela Davis

A

Time Period: 21st Century Feminism & Race
Contribution: Wrote Women, Race & Class, examining the intersections of race and gender.

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40
Q

Jared Diamond

A

Time Period: 21st Century History
Contribution: Wrote Guns, Germs, and Steel, exploring factors shaping civilizations.

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41
Q

Rebecca Solnit

A

Time Period: 21st Century Feminism
Contribution: Wrote Men Explain Things to Me, addressing gender dynamics and social issues.

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42
Q

Brené Brown

A

Time Period: 21st Century Psychology
Contribution: Wrote Daring Greatly, exploring vulnerability and personal growth.

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43
Q

Michelle Obama

A

Time Period: 21st Century Memoir
Contribution: Wrote Becoming, reflecting on her life and role as First Lady.

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44
Q

Title

A

Details

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45
Q

The Republic

A

Author: Plato
Title: The Republic
Time Period: Ancient Greek Philosophy
Synopsis: A philosophical dialogue exploring justice, the ideal state, and the theory of forms.

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46
Q

Nicomachean Ethics

A

Author: Aristotle
Title: Nicomachean Ethics
Time Period: Ancient Greek Philosophy
Synopsis: A foundational work in ethics, discussing virtue, happiness, and the good life.

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47
Q

Meditations

A

Author: Marcus Aurelius
Title: Meditations
Time Period: Ancient Roman Philosophy
Synopsis: A personal journal of Stoic reflections on self-discipline, virtue, and resilience.

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48
Q

Confessions

A

Author: Saint Augustine
Title: Confessions
Time Period: Late Antiquity
Synopsis: An autobiographical work blending theology and philosophy, detailing Augustine’s conversion.

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49
Q

The Prince

A

Author: Niccolò Machiavelli
Title: The Prince
Time Period: Renaissance Political Thought
Synopsis: A pragmatic guide on power, governance, and statecraft.

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50
Q

Essays

A

Author: Michel de Montaigne
Title: Essays
Time Period: Renaissance Essayist
Synopsis: A collection of personal reflections, pioneering the modern essay form.

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51
Q

Novum Organum

A

Author: Francis Bacon
Title: Novum Organum
Time Period: 17th Century Philosophy
Synopsis: Advocates for the scientific method as the foundation of knowledge.

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52
Q

Discourse on Method

A

Author: René Descartes
Title: Discourse on Method
Time Period: 17th Century Philosophy
Synopsis: Introduces Cartesian skepticism and the famous statement ‘I think, therefore I am’.

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53
Q

Two Treatises of Government

A

Author: John Locke
Title: Two Treatises of Government
Time Period: Enlightenment Philosophy
Synopsis: A foundational text of liberal democracy, arguing for natural rights and social contract theory.

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54
Q

Candide

A

Author: Voltaire
Title: Candide
Time Period: Enlightenment Philosophy
Synopsis: A satirical novel critiquing optimism and religious hypocrisy.

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55
Q

The Social Contract

A

Author: Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Title: The Social Contract
Time Period: Enlightenment Philosophy
Synopsis: Explores the origins of political legitimacy and the idea of the ‘general will’.

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56
Q

The Wealth of Nations

A

Author: Adam Smith
Title: The Wealth of Nations
Time Period: Enlightenment Economics
Synopsis: A foundational work in economic theory, advocating for free markets.

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57
Q

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

A

Author: Mary Wollstonecraft
Title: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
Time Period: 18th Century Feminism
Synopsis: One of the first major works advocating for women’s education and equality.

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58
Q

Critique of Pure Reason

A

Author: Immanuel Kant
Title: Critique of Pure Reason
Time Period: 18th Century Philosophy
Synopsis: Examines human perception, knowledge, and the limits of reason.

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59
Q

The Communist Manifesto

A

Author: Karl Marx
Title: The Communist Manifesto
Time Period: 19th Century Political Thought
Synopsis: A call to revolution against capitalism, advocating for proletarian control of society.

60
Q

Walden

A

Author: Henry David Thoreau
Title: Walden
Time Period: 19th Century American Thought
Synopsis: A reflection on simple living and self-sufficiency in nature.

61
Q

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

A

Author: Frederick Douglass
Title: Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass
Time Period: 19th Century Abolitionism
Synopsis: An autobiography exposing the horrors of slavery and advocating for abolition.

62
Q

Thus Spoke Zarathustra

A

Author: Friedrich Nietzsche
Title: Thus Spoke Zarathustra
Time Period: 19th Century Philosophy
Synopsis: A philosophical novel presenting the concept of the ‘Übermensch’ and rejecting traditional morality.

63
Q

The Interpretation of Dreams

A

Author: Sigmund Freud
Title: The Interpretation of Dreams
Time Period: 20th Century Psychology
Synopsis: Introduces the theory of the unconscious and the significance of dreams.

64
Q

A Room of One’s Own

A

Author: Virginia Woolf
Title: A Room of One’s Own
Time Period: 20th Century Feminism
Synopsis: Argues for the importance of financial independence and personal space for women writers.

65
Q

The Story of My Experiments with Truth

A

Author: Mahatma Gandhi
Title: The Story of My Experiments with Truth
Time Period: 20th Century Political Thought
Synopsis: An autobiography detailing his philosophy of nonviolent resistance.

66
Q

The Souls of Black Folk

A

Author: W.E.B. Du Bois
Title: The Souls of Black Folk
Time Period: 20th Century Civil Rights
Synopsis: Examines race, identity, and double consciousness in America.

67
Q

Relativity: The Special and the General Theory

A

Author: Albert Einstein
Title: Relativity: The Special and the General Theory
Time Period: 20th Century Science
Synopsis: A non-technical explanation of Einstein’s revolutionary physics theories.

68
Q

The Origins of Totalitarianism

A

Author: Hannah Arendt
Title: The Origins of Totalitarianism
Time Period: 20th Century Political Thought
Synopsis: Analyzes the rise of fascism and authoritarian regimes in the 20th century.

69
Q

The Fire Next Time

A

Author: James Baldwin
Title: The Fire Next Time
Time Period: 20th Century Civil Rights
Synopsis: A powerful critique of race relations in America.

70
Q

Silent Spring

A

Author: Rachel Carson
Title: Silent Spring
Time Period: 20th Century Environmentalism
Synopsis: Exposes the dangers of pesticide use, sparking the modern environmental movement.

71
Q

Discipline and Punish

A

Author: Michel Foucault
Title: Discipline and Punish
Time Period: 20th Century Philosophy
Synopsis: Analyzes the history of prison systems and power structures in society.

72
Q

Cosmos

A

Author: Carl Sagan
Title: Cosmos
Time Period: 20th Century Science
Synopsis: Explores the universe and humanity’s place in it, making science accessible to the public.

73
Q

Manufacturing Consent

A

Author: Noam Chomsky
Title: Manufacturing Consent
Time Period: 20th Century Media Theory
Synopsis: Critiques mass media’s role in shaping public perception and reinforcing power.

74
Q

Orientalism

A

Author: Edward Said
Title: Orientalism
Time Period: 20th Century Postcolonialism
Synopsis: Examines how the West has historically misrepresented the East.

75
Q

A Brief History of Time

A

Author: Stephen Hawking
Title: A Brief History of Time
Time Period: 21st Century Science
Synopsis: Explains the mysteries of space, time, and black holes in an accessible way.

76
Q

The Autobiography of Malcolm X

A

Author: Malcolm X
Title: The Autobiography of Malcolm X
Time Period: 20th Century Civil Rights
Synopsis: Chronicles his transformation from street hustler to influential activist.

77
Q

Women, Race & Class

A

Author: Angela Davis
Title: Women, Race & Class
Time Period: 21st Century Feminism & Race
Synopsis: Examines the intersections of feminism, race, and economic oppression.

78
Q

Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind

A

Author: Yuval Noah Harari
Title: Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind
Time Period: 21st Century History
Synopsis: Traces the evolution of human civilization and its impact on the world.

79
Q

Movement

A

Details (Definition, Key Works, Figures)

80
Q

Ancient Greek Philosophy

A

Definition: Explored ethics, metaphysics, and political theory through dialogue and logical reasoning.
Key Works: The Republic (Plato), Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle)
Key Figures: Plato, Aristotle

81
Q

Ancient Roman Stoicism

A

Definition: A philosophy emphasizing virtue, rationality, and self-discipline in facing adversity.
Key Works: Meditations (Marcus Aurelius)
Key Figures: Marcus Aurelius, Seneca

82
Q

Christian Theology

A

Definition: A body of religious writings exploring faith, morality, and the divine.
Key Works: Confessions (Saint Augustine)
Key Figures: Saint Augustine, Thomas Aquinas

83
Q

Renaissance Humanism

A

Definition: A revival of classical learning and individual potential, influencing political and literary thought.
Key Works: The Prince (Machiavelli), Essays (Montaigne)
Key Figures: Niccolò Machiavelli, Michel de Montaigne

84
Q

The Scientific Revolution

A

Definition: Advocated empirical observation and experimentation as the basis of knowledge.
Key Works: Novum Organum (Bacon), Discourse on Method (Descartes)
Key Figures: Francis Bacon, René Descartes

85
Q

The Enlightenment

A

Definition: A movement advocating reason, individual rights, and skepticism toward authority.
Key Works: Two Treatises of Government (Locke), The Social Contract (Rousseau)
Key Figures: John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Voltaire

86
Q

Economic Liberalism

A

Definition: Advocated free markets and limited government intervention in economic affairs.
Key Works: The Wealth of Nations (Adam Smith)
Key Figures: Adam Smith

87
Q

Feminist Thought

A

Definition: Literature advocating for women’s rights, education, and social equality.
Key Works: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Wollstonecraft), A Room of One’s Own (Woolf)
Key Figures: Mary Wollstonecraft, Virginia Woolf, Angela Davis

88
Q

Marxism

A

Definition: A critique of capitalism and class struggle, advocating for proletarian revolution.
Key Works: The Communist Manifesto (Marx & Engels)
Key Figures: Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels

89
Q

American Transcendentalism

A

Definition: Emphasized nature, self-reliance, and spiritual individualism.
Key Works: Walden (Thoreau)
Key Figures: Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson

90
Q

Abolitionist Literature

A

Definition: Writings exposing the cruelty of slavery and advocating for its end.
Key Works: Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (Douglass)
Key Figures: Frederick Douglass, Harriet Beecher Stowe

91
Q

Existentialism

A

Definition: A philosophical movement emphasizing individual freedom, choice, and meaning in an indifferent world.
Key Works: Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Nietzsche)
Key Figures: Friedrich Nietzsche, Jean-Paul Sartre

92
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Definition: The study of the unconscious mind and its influence on human behavior.
Key Works: The Interpretation of Dreams (Freud)
Key Figures: Sigmund Freud

93
Q

Civil Rights Literature

A

Definition: Non-fiction works advocating for racial justice and social equality.
Key Works: The Souls of Black Folk (Du Bois), The Fire Next Time (Baldwin)
Key Figures: W.E.B. Du Bois, James Baldwin, Martin Luther King Jr.

94
Q

Environmentalism

A

Definition: Writings advocating for ecological awareness and sustainability.
Key Works: Silent Spring (Carson)
Key Figures: Rachel Carson, Aldo Leopold

95
Q

Postcolonial Theory

A

Definition: Literature examining the impact of colonialism and the struggle for national identity.
Key Works: Orientalism (Said)
Key Figures: Edward Said, Frantz Fanon

96
Q

Media Theory

A

Definition: Analyzes the role of mass media in shaping public perception and politics.
Key Works: Understanding Media (McLuhan), Manufacturing Consent (Chomsky)
Key Figures: Marshall McLuhan, Noam Chomsky

97
Q

Modern Science Writing

A

Definition: Books making complex scientific concepts accessible to the general public.
Key Works: A Brief History of Time (Hawking), Cosmos (Sagan)
Key Figures: Stephen Hawking, Carl Sagan

98
Q

Contemporary Memoir & Social Critique

A

Definition: First-person narratives reflecting on personal experience, identity, and societal issues.
Key Works: The Autobiography of Malcolm X (Malcolm X), Sapiens (Harari)
Key Figures: Malcolm X, Yuval Noah Harari, Michelle Obama

99
Q

Term

A

Definition

100
Q

Autobiography

A

Definition: A self-written account of a person’s life.

101
Q

Memoir

A

Definition: A type of autobiography that focuses on specific experiences or periods in an author’s life.

102
Q

Biography

A

Definition: A detailed account of a person’s life written by someone else.

103
Q

Essay

A

Definition: A short piece of writing that presents an argument, analysis, or reflection on a topic.

104
Q

Narrative Nonfiction

A

Definition: A genre that uses storytelling techniques to present factual content.

105
Q

Expository Writing

A

Definition: A form of writing that explains, describes, or informs.

106
Q

Persuasive Writing

A

Definition: A type of nonfiction that aims to convince the audience of a particular point of view.

107
Q

Argumentative Writing

A

Definition: Writing that presents a claim supported by evidence and reasoning.

108
Q

Rhetoric

A

Definition: The art of persuasive speaking or writing, often employing ethos, pathos, and logos.

109
Q

Ethos

A

Definition: A rhetorical appeal based on the credibility or ethical character of the speaker or writer.

110
Q

Pathos

A

Definition: A rhetorical appeal that evokes emotions in the audience.

111
Q

Logos

A

Definition: A rhetorical appeal based on logic, reason, and factual evidence.

112
Q

Thesis Statement

A

Definition: The main argument or central claim of a piece of nonfiction writing.

113
Q

Diction

A

Definition: The choice and use of words in writing or speech.

114
Q

Syntax

A

Definition: The arrangement of words and phrases in a sentence to create meaning and effect.

115
Q

Tone

A

Definition: The author’s attitude toward the subject, conveyed through style and word choice.

116
Q

Bias

A

Definition: A preference or inclination that prevents objective judgment.

117
Q

Objective Writing

A

Definition: A writing style based on facts, without personal opinions or emotions.

118
Q

Subjective Writing

A

Definition: A writing style that includes personal opinions, emotions, and interpretations.

119
Q

Primary Source

A

Definition: A direct, firsthand account of an event, such as diaries, interviews, and historical documents.

120
Q

Secondary Source

A

Definition: A work that analyzes, interprets, or summarizes primary sources.

121
Q

Plagiarism

A

Definition: The act of using someone else’s work or ideas without proper attribution.

122
Q

Citation

A

Definition: A reference to the source of information used in a nonfiction work.

123
Q

Footnote

A

Definition: A note placed at the bottom of a page that provides additional information or citations.

124
Q

Endnote

A

Definition: A note at the end of a document providing citations or explanations.

125
Q

Bibliography

A

Definition: A list of sources cited or referenced in a nonfiction work.

126
Q

Abstract

A

Definition: A summary of a longer work, often found at the beginning of research papers.

127
Q

Preface

A

Definition: An introductory section in a book, often written by the author, explaining the work’s purpose or background.

128
Q

Foreword

A

Definition: An introductory section written by someone other than the author, providing context or endorsement.

129
Q

Appendix

A

Definition: Supplementary material at the end of a book, such as charts, documents, or notes.

130
Q

Anecdote

A

Definition: A short, personal story used to illustrate a point in nonfiction writing.

131
Q

Jargon

A

Definition: Specialized language used within a particular field or profession.

132
Q

Colloquialism

A

Definition: Informal, conversational language used in everyday speech.

133
Q

Euphemism

A

Definition: A mild or indirect word used in place of a harsher or more direct term.

134
Q

Paradox

A

Definition: A seemingly contradictory statement that may reveal a deeper truth.

135
Q

Allegory

A

Definition: A symbolic story that conveys a deeper meaning, often moral or political.

136
Q

Metaphor

A

Definition: A figure of speech that compares two unrelated things without using ‘like’ or ‘as’.

137
Q

Simile

A

Definition: A figure of speech comparing two things using ‘like’ or ‘as’.

138
Q

Hyperbole

A

Definition: Deliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or effect.

139
Q

Understatement

A

Definition: A rhetorical device that minimizes the significance of something for effect.

140
Q

Red Herring

A

Definition: A distraction or misleading detail meant to divert attention from the main issue.

141
Q

Straw Man Argument

A

Definition: A logical fallacy that misrepresents an opponent’s position to make it easier to attack.

142
Q

Slippery Slope

A

Definition: A logical fallacy suggesting that one action will inevitably lead to extreme consequences.

143
Q

Circular Reasoning

A

Definition: A logical fallacy where the conclusion is assumed in the premise.

144
Q

Hasty Generalization

A

Definition: A logical fallacy that draws broad conclusions based on insufficient evidence.

145
Q

Analogy

A

Definition: A comparison used to explain or clarify a concept by showing similarities to something more familiar.

146
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

Definition: A logical process in which a general statement leads to a specific conclusion.

147
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

Definition: A logical process in which specific observations lead to a general conclusion.

Humanities CLEP (31 decks)

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