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Humanities CLEP > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the sacred scriptures of Judaism called?

A

The Hebrew Bible (Tanakh)

The Tanakh includes the Torah, Prophets, and Writings.

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2
Q

Define ‘Covenant’ in the context of Jewish beliefs.

A

A sacred agreement between God and the Hebrew people.

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3
Q

Who is Moses in Jewish tradition?

A

The Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites out of Egyptian slavery and received the Ten Commandments.

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4
Q

What are the Ten Commandments?

A

A set of ethical and religious laws given to Moses on Mount Sinai.

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5
Q

What is the Torah?

A

The first five books of the Hebrew Bible, foundational to Jewish law and tradition.

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6
Q

What historical event is referred to as the Babylonian Exile?

A

The period (586–538 BCE) when Jews were exiled to Babylon following the destruction of the First Temple.

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7
Q

What was the Second Temple?

A

Rebuilt in Jerusalem after the Babylonian Exile, it became the center of Jewish worship until its destruction in 70 CE.

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8
Q

Who was Jesus of Nazareth?

A

A Jewish preacher whose teachings formed the foundation of Christianity.

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9
Q

What are the Gospels?

A

The accounts of Jesus’ life, teachings, and resurrection found in the New Testament (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John).

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10
Q

What is the Sermon on the Mount?

A

One of Jesus’ most famous teachings, emphasizing love, humility, and moral righteousness.

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11
Q

What significant event is known as the Last Supper?

A

Jesus’ final meal with his disciples, during which he instituted the Christian Eucharist (Communion).

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12
Q

What does ‘Crucifixion’ refer to in Christian beliefs?

A

A Roman method of execution used on Jesus, central to Christian beliefs about sacrifice and redemption.

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13
Q

Define ‘Resurrection’ in Christianity.

A

The belief that Jesus rose from the dead, proving his divine nature.

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14
Q

Who was Paul of Tarsus?

A

An early Christian missionary who spread Christianity beyond Jewish communities and wrote many New Testament letters.

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15
Q

What are Christian Martyrs?

A

Early Christians who were persecuted and executed for their faith, inspiring later believers.

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16
Q

Who was Constantine the Great?

A

The first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity, legalizing the religion with the Edict of Milan.

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17
Q

What was the Edict of Milan?

A

A decree that legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire and ended persecution of Christians.

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18
Q

What was the purpose of the Council of Nicaea?

A

A gathering of Christian leaders that established core doctrines, including the Nicene Creed.

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19
Q

What is the Nicene Creed?

A

A foundational statement of Christian beliefs about the Trinity and the nature of Jesus.

20
Q

What is the Trinity in Christianity?

A

The doctrine that God exists as Father, Son (Jesus), and Holy Spirit.

21
Q

Who was Augustine of Hippo?

A

A Christian theologian whose writings shaped Western Christianity.

22
Q

Define ‘Monasticism’.

A

A religious movement emphasizing withdrawal from society for prayer, study, and self-discipline.

23
Q

Who was Benedict of Nursia?

A

Founder of Western monasticism and author of the Benedictine Rule, which established guidelines for monastic life.

24
Q

What is the Qur’an?

A

The holy book of Islam, believed to be the word of God as revealed to Muhammad.

25
Q

Who is Muhammad in Islamic belief?

A

The founder of Islam, regarded as the final prophet.

26
Q

What are the Five Pillars of Islam?

A

The core practices of Islam:
* faith
* prayer
* fasting
* charity
* pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj)

27
Q

What is the Hajj?

A

The Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, required at least once in a lifetime for Muslims who are able.

28
Q

What is Sharia Law?

A

Islamic legal principles derived from the Qur’an and Hadith.

29
Q

What are the Hadith?

A

A collection of traditions and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, second in importance to the Qur’an.

30
Q

What is the Kaaba?

A

A sacred Islamic shrine in Mecca, believed to have been built by Abraham and Ishmael.

31
Q

What does ‘Jihad’ mean?

A

An Arabic term meaning ‘struggle’; can refer to personal spiritual struggle or military struggle.

32
Q

What is the Dome of the Rock?

A

An Islamic shrine in Jerusalem built on the site of the Jewish Temple Mount.

33
Q

What is the Sunni-Shia Split?

A

A division in Islam over leadership succession after Muhammad’s death.

34
Q

How did Islam spread?

A

Islam expanded rapidly through trade, military conquest, and cultural exchange from the 7th century onward.

35
Q

What is Zoroastrianism?

A

An ancient Persian monotheistic religion emphasizing good vs. evil.

36
Q

Define Manichaeism.

A

A syncretic religious movement combining elements of Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Buddhism.

37
Q

What is the Bhagavad Gita?

A

A Hindu sacred text within the Mahabharata, exploring duty, devotion, and the nature of the self.

38
Q

Who is Siddhartha Gautama?

A

The founder of Buddhism, who taught the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path.

39
Q

What are the Four Noble Truths?

A

The central Buddhist teaching about suffering, its cause, its end, and the path to enlightenment.

40
Q

What is the Eightfold Path?

A

A set of ethical and meditative practices leading to enlightenment in Buddhism.

41
Q

What distinguishes Theravada from Mahayana Buddhism?

A

Theravada focuses on monasticism, while Mahayana emphasizes compassion and Bodhisattvas.

42
Q

What is a Bodhisattva?

A

A being in Mahayana Buddhism who has attained enlightenment but chooses to help others.

43
Q

Define Daoism.

A

A Chinese philosophy/religion emphasizing harmony with nature and the Dao (the Way).

44
Q

Who is Laozi?

A

The legendary founder of Daoism, traditionally credited with writing the Dao de Jing.

45
Q

What is Confucianism?

A

A Chinese ethical system focusing on social harmony, duty, and respect for elders.

46
Q

What does ‘Filial Piety’ refer to?

A

A core Confucian value emphasizing respect for parents and ancestors.

47
Q

What is the influence of religious thought on civilizations?

A

Religious traditions shaped ethical systems, governance, and cultural practices.

Humanities CLEP (31 decks)

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