Chapter 8 Flashcards
What is the Northern Renaissance?
A cultural movement in Northern Europe that combined humanism with religious themes.
Who invented the printing press?
Johannes Gutenberg.
What is the Gutenberg Bible?
The first major book printed using movable type, making the Bible more accessible.
Define Christian Humanism.
A blend of Renaissance humanism and religious ideals, promoting moral and societal reform.
Who is Desiderius Erasmus?
A Dutch humanist who wrote In Praise of Folly, criticizing Church corruption and advocating reform.
What is Utopia?
A book by Thomas More describing an ideal society based on reason and communal property.
Name a famous work by Albrecht Dürer.
Melencolia I.
Who painted The Garden of Earthly Delights?
Hieronymus Bosch.
What themes are depicted in Pieter Bruegel the Elder’s works?
Peasant life and social satire.
Who is known for the portrait The Ambassadors?
Hans Holbein the Younger.
What was the Reformation?
A religious movement challenging Catholic doctrines, leading to Protestant churches.
What did Martin Luther do in 1517?
Posted the 95 Theses.
What were the 95 Theses?
A document criticizing Church corruption, particularly the sale of indulgences.
Fill in the blank: Luther’s belief that salvation comes through _______ alone, not Church rituals.
faith
What happened at the Diet of Worms?
Martin Luther refused to recant his teachings, leading to his excommunication.
Who developed the doctrine of predestination?
John Calvin.
What is predestination?
Calvinist belief that God has already chosen who will be saved.
What is the Anglican Church?
The Church of England, founded by Henry VIII after breaking from the Catholic Church.
Why did Henry VIII establish the Church of England?
To annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
What did the Act of Supremacy (1534) declare?
Henry VIII the head of the Church of England.
What was the Counter-Reformation?
The Catholic Church’s response to Protestantism, reforming abuses and reaffirming doctrines.
What was the Council of Trent?
A series of meetings (1545-1563) that clarified Catholic doctrine and reformed practices.
Who founded the Jesuits?
Ignatius of Loyola.
What is Baroque Art characterized by?
Drama, movement, and emotional intensity.
Who is Caravaggio?
A Baroque painter known for dramatic lighting and realism.
What was the Spanish Inquisition?
A Church-led effort to root out heresy in Spain, often using harsh methods.
What did the Edict of Nantes (1598) grant?
Religious tolerance to Protestants in France.
What was the Thirty Years’ War?
A devastating religious conflict in Europe between Catholics and Protestants.
What did the Peace of Westphalia (1648) establish?
The modern state system.
Who were the Huguenots?
French Protestants who faced persecution.
What did the Puritans seek to do?
Purify the Church of England of Catholic influences.
What were the Witch Hunts?
A period of persecution in the 16th-17th centuries, often targeting women accused of witchcraft.
Who is William Shakespeare?
An English playwright whose works explored human nature and politics.
What themes are explored in Shakespeare’s Hamlet?
Revenge, madness, and existential doubt.
Who was Elizabeth I?
The English queen who strengthened Protestantism and oversaw a golden age of culture.
What was the Spanish Armada (1588)?
A failed attempt by Spain to invade England.
Who is Christopher Marlowe?
An English playwright and poet, often considered a precursor to Shakespeare.
What is the significance of the King James Bible (1611)?
An influential English translation of the Bible commissioned by King James I.
What was the Scientific Revolution?
A period of major advancements in science that challenged medieval worldviews.
Who developed the scientific method?
Francis Bacon.
What did Galileo Galilei support?
Heliocentrism through telescopic observations.
What was the legacy of the Reformation?
Led to religious pluralism and influenced democratic ideas, but also caused conflicts and persecution.
What is the Enlightenment?
An intellectual movement emphasizing reason, science, and individual rights.
