Chapter 11 Flashcards
What is the Enlightenment?
An intellectual movement emphasizing reason, science, and individual rights, challenging traditional authority.
Who is John Locke?
A philosopher who argued for natural rights (life, liberty, property) and government by consent of the governed.
What did Thomas Hobbes advocate for in his work Leviathan?
A strong central government to prevent chaos.
What is the main idea promoted by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in The Social Contract?
Popular sovereignty.
Who was Voltaire and what did he champion?
A writer and philosopher who championed free speech, religious tolerance, and criticized absolutism.
What concept did Montesquieu advocate for in government?
Separation of powers to prevent tyranny.
Who was Denis Diderot?
The editor of Encyclopédie, which compiled Enlightenment knowledge and promoted reason.
What economic principles did Adam Smith argue for in The Wealth of Nations?
Free markets and capitalism.
Define Laissez-Faire Economics.
An economic principle advocating minimal government interference in business and trade.
Who were the Philosophes?
Enlightenment intellectuals who promoted reason, progress, and human rights.
What is Deism?
A belief that God created the universe but does not intervene in human affairs.
What laid the foundation for Enlightenment thought?
The Scientific Revolution, emphasizing observation and reason.
How did Isaac Newton influence Enlightenment views?
His laws of motion and gravity influenced views on rationality and natural law.
What is Enlightened Despotism?
A form of monarchy influenced by Enlightenment ideas, where rulers implemented reforms without giving up power.
Who was Frederick the Great?
An enlightened despot of Prussia who promoted education, legal reform, and religious tolerance.
What did Catherine the Great embrace?
Enlightenment ideas while maintaining absolute power.
Who was Joseph II of Austria?
An enlightened despot known for radical reforms, including religious tolerance and abolishing serfdom.
What was the American Revolution (1775-1783) influenced by?
Enlightenment ideas of democracy and individual rights.
What does the Declaration of Independence assert?
American independence, heavily influenced by John Locke’s theories.
What principles does the U.S. Constitution incorporate?
Enlightenment principles like separation of powers and checks and balances.
What was the French Revolution (1789-1799) driven by?
Enlightenment ideals seeking to overthrow monarchy and establish democracy.
What was the Estates-General in pre-revolutionary France?
A legislative body representing the clergy, nobility, and commoners.
What was the National Assembly?
A revolutionary government formed by the Third Estate to represent the people of France.
What does the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen assert?
Foundational document asserting equality and liberty during the French Revolution.
What characterized the Reign of Terror?
A period marked by mass executions of perceived enemies of the Republic.
Who was Maximilien Robespierre?
A radical leader during the French Revolution who implemented the Reign of Terror.
What is the Guillotine a symbol of?
Equality in death, used during the French Revolution for executions.
Who was Mary Wollstonecraft?
A feminist writer who authored A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, advocating for women’s education and equality.
What did Olympe de Gouges write?
The Declaration of the Rights of Woman, challenging gender inequality.
What was Salon Culture?
Intellectual gatherings where Enlightenment ideas were discussed, often hosted by women in France.
Define Neoclassicism.
An artistic movement inspired by classical antiquity, emphasizing order and rationality.
Who is Jacques-Louis David?
A Neoclassical painter known for The Death of Socrates and The Oath of the Horatii.
What was The Grand Tour?
A cultural journey undertaken by wealthy Europeans to study classical art and history.
What is the Rococo Style?
An artistic movement emphasizing lightness, elegance, and playful themes, popular in aristocratic circles.
Who is Fragonard?
A Rococo painter known for The Swing, capturing themes of romance and leisure.
What characterizes The Classical Era in Music?
Emphasizing clarity, balance, and structure, featuring composers like Mozart and Haydn.
Who was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?
A prolific Classical composer known for The Magic Flute and Symphony No. 40.
What is Joseph Haydn known for?
Known as the ‘Father of the Symphony’ and a mentor to Beethoven.
Who was Ludwig van Beethoven?
A composer whose music bridged the Classical and Romantic periods, known for powerful symphonies.
What did Immanuel Kant explore?
Ethics and reason, writing Critique of Pure Reason.
What was The Age of Revolutions?
A period of political upheaval influenced by Enlightenment ideals, leading to the rise of democracy.
What was the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)?
A successful slave revolt that led to the establishment of Haiti as the first black republic.
Who was Toussaint Louverture?
A leader of the Haitian Revolution who helped defeat European forces and abolish slavery.
What does the Rise of Nationalism emphasize?
National identity and self-determination, influenced by Enlightenment principles.
What were the Napoleonic Wars?
A series of conflicts led by Napoleon Bonaparte, spreading revolutionary ideas across Europe.
What was the Congress of Vienna (1815)?
A meeting of European powers to restore stability after the Napoleonic Wars, reinforcing monarchy and balance of power.
What is the legacy of the Enlightenment?
Shaped modern political systems, individual rights, and scientific progress, though challenges remained in achieving equality.
