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Humanities CLEP > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Enlightenment?

A

An intellectual movement emphasizing reason, science, and individual rights, challenging traditional authority.

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2
Q

Who is John Locke?

A

A philosopher who argued for natural rights (life, liberty, property) and government by consent of the governed.

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3
Q

What did Thomas Hobbes advocate for in his work Leviathan?

A

A strong central government to prevent chaos.

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4
Q

What is the main idea promoted by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in The Social Contract?

A

Popular sovereignty.

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5
Q

Who was Voltaire and what did he champion?

A

A writer and philosopher who championed free speech, religious tolerance, and criticized absolutism.

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6
Q

What concept did Montesquieu advocate for in government?

A

Separation of powers to prevent tyranny.

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7
Q

Who was Denis Diderot?

A

The editor of Encyclopédie, which compiled Enlightenment knowledge and promoted reason.

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8
Q

What economic principles did Adam Smith argue for in The Wealth of Nations?

A

Free markets and capitalism.

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9
Q

Define Laissez-Faire Economics.

A

An economic principle advocating minimal government interference in business and trade.

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10
Q

Who were the Philosophes?

A

Enlightenment intellectuals who promoted reason, progress, and human rights.

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11
Q

What is Deism?

A

A belief that God created the universe but does not intervene in human affairs.

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12
Q

What laid the foundation for Enlightenment thought?

A

The Scientific Revolution, emphasizing observation and reason.

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13
Q

How did Isaac Newton influence Enlightenment views?

A

His laws of motion and gravity influenced views on rationality and natural law.

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14
Q

What is Enlightened Despotism?

A

A form of monarchy influenced by Enlightenment ideas, where rulers implemented reforms without giving up power.

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15
Q

Who was Frederick the Great?

A

An enlightened despot of Prussia who promoted education, legal reform, and religious tolerance.

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16
Q

What did Catherine the Great embrace?

A

Enlightenment ideas while maintaining absolute power.

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17
Q

Who was Joseph II of Austria?

A

An enlightened despot known for radical reforms, including religious tolerance and abolishing serfdom.

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18
Q

What was the American Revolution (1775-1783) influenced by?

A

Enlightenment ideas of democracy and individual rights.

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19
Q

What does the Declaration of Independence assert?

A

American independence, heavily influenced by John Locke’s theories.

20
Q

What principles does the U.S. Constitution incorporate?

A

Enlightenment principles like separation of powers and checks and balances.

21
Q

What was the French Revolution (1789-1799) driven by?

A

Enlightenment ideals seeking to overthrow monarchy and establish democracy.

22
Q

What was the Estates-General in pre-revolutionary France?

A

A legislative body representing the clergy, nobility, and commoners.

23
Q

What was the National Assembly?

A

A revolutionary government formed by the Third Estate to represent the people of France.

24
Q

What does the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen assert?

A

Foundational document asserting equality and liberty during the French Revolution.

25
Q

What characterized the Reign of Terror?

A

A period marked by mass executions of perceived enemies of the Republic.

26
Q

Who was Maximilien Robespierre?

A

A radical leader during the French Revolution who implemented the Reign of Terror.

27
Q

What is the Guillotine a symbol of?

A

Equality in death, used during the French Revolution for executions.

28
Q

Who was Mary Wollstonecraft?

A

A feminist writer who authored A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, advocating for women’s education and equality.

29
Q

What did Olympe de Gouges write?

A

The Declaration of the Rights of Woman, challenging gender inequality.

30
Q

What was Salon Culture?

A

Intellectual gatherings where Enlightenment ideas were discussed, often hosted by women in France.

31
Q

Define Neoclassicism.

A

An artistic movement inspired by classical antiquity, emphasizing order and rationality.

32
Q

Who is Jacques-Louis David?

A

A Neoclassical painter known for The Death of Socrates and The Oath of the Horatii.

33
Q

What was The Grand Tour?

A

A cultural journey undertaken by wealthy Europeans to study classical art and history.

34
Q

What is the Rococo Style?

A

An artistic movement emphasizing lightness, elegance, and playful themes, popular in aristocratic circles.

35
Q

Who is Fragonard?

A

A Rococo painter known for The Swing, capturing themes of romance and leisure.

36
Q

What characterizes The Classical Era in Music?

A

Emphasizing clarity, balance, and structure, featuring composers like Mozart and Haydn.

37
Q

Who was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?

A

A prolific Classical composer known for The Magic Flute and Symphony No. 40.

38
Q

What is Joseph Haydn known for?

A

Known as the ‘Father of the Symphony’ and a mentor to Beethoven.

39
Q

Who was Ludwig van Beethoven?

A

A composer whose music bridged the Classical and Romantic periods, known for powerful symphonies.

40
Q

What did Immanuel Kant explore?

A

Ethics and reason, writing Critique of Pure Reason.

41
Q

What was The Age of Revolutions?

A

A period of political upheaval influenced by Enlightenment ideals, leading to the rise of democracy.

42
Q

What was the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)?

A

A successful slave revolt that led to the establishment of Haiti as the first black republic.

43
Q

Who was Toussaint Louverture?

A

A leader of the Haitian Revolution who helped defeat European forces and abolish slavery.

44
Q

What does the Rise of Nationalism emphasize?

A

National identity and self-determination, influenced by Enlightenment principles.

45
Q

What were the Napoleonic Wars?

A

A series of conflicts led by Napoleon Bonaparte, spreading revolutionary ideas across Europe.

46
Q

What was the Congress of Vienna (1815)?

A

A meeting of European powers to restore stability after the Napoleonic Wars, reinforcing monarchy and balance of power.

47
Q

What is the legacy of the Enlightenment?

A

Shaped modern political systems, individual rights, and scientific progress, though challenges remained in achieving equality.

Humanities CLEP (31 decks)

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