Chapter 13 Flashcards
What is the Industrial Revolution?
A period of rapid industrialization (18th-19th century) marked by mechanization, urbanization, and economic shifts.
Who invented the steam engine?
James Watt
What is the Factory System?
A method of mass production that replaced artisanal workshops and led to urbanization.
Define Laissez-Faire Capitalism.
An economic philosophy promoting minimal government intervention in business.
Who is Karl Marx?
A philosopher and economist who co-wrote The Communist Manifesto, criticizing capitalism.
What is the Communist Manifesto?
A work by Marx and Engels advocating for class struggle and the overthrow of capitalism.
What does Socialism advocate for?
Collective or governmental ownership of production.
Who are the Bourgeoisie?
The middle class, particularly business owners and capitalists, as defined by Marx.
Who are the Proletariat?
The working class, who sell their labor for wages, according to Marxist theory.
What is Charles Darwin known for?
Developing the theory of evolution by natural selection in On the Origin of Species.
What is Social Darwinism?
A misapplication of Darwin’s theories to justify class inequality and imperialism.
What characterized the Second Industrial Revolution?
Advancements in steel, electricity, and chemicals during the late 19th century.
What was the Rise of the Middle Class?
An increase in wealth and social mobility due to industrialization and economic growth.
What is Urbanization?
The growth of cities due to industrialization and migration from rural areas.
What was the Suffrage Movement?
A campaign for women’s voting rights, culminating in success in the 20th century.
Who was Mary Wollstonecraft?
An early advocate for women’s rights who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.
Who was Emmeline Pankhurst?
A British suffragette who led militant protests for women’s voting rights.
What is Realism in art?
An artistic and literary movement that rejected Romanticism and focused on depicting everyday life.
