Chapter 13 Flashcards
What is the Industrial Revolution?
A period of rapid industrialization (18th-19th century) marked by mechanization, urbanization, and economic shifts.
Who invented the steam engine?
James Watt
What is the Factory System?
A method of mass production that replaced artisanal workshops and led to urbanization.
Define Laissez-Faire Capitalism.
An economic philosophy promoting minimal government intervention in business.
Who is Karl Marx?
A philosopher and economist who co-wrote The Communist Manifesto, criticizing capitalism.
What is the Communist Manifesto?
A work by Marx and Engels advocating for class struggle and the overthrow of capitalism.
What does Socialism advocate for?
Collective or governmental ownership of production.
Who are the Bourgeoisie?
The middle class, particularly business owners and capitalists, as defined by Marx.
Who are the Proletariat?
The working class, who sell their labor for wages, according to Marxist theory.
What is Charles Darwin known for?
Developing the theory of evolution by natural selection in On the Origin of Species.
What is Social Darwinism?
A misapplication of Darwin’s theories to justify class inequality and imperialism.
What characterized the Second Industrial Revolution?
Advancements in steel, electricity, and chemicals during the late 19th century.
What was the Rise of the Middle Class?
An increase in wealth and social mobility due to industrialization and economic growth.
What is Urbanization?
The growth of cities due to industrialization and migration from rural areas.
What was the Suffrage Movement?
A campaign for women’s voting rights, culminating in success in the 20th century.
Who was Mary Wollstonecraft?
An early advocate for women’s rights who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.
Who was Emmeline Pankhurst?
A British suffragette who led militant protests for women’s voting rights.
What is Realism in art?
An artistic and literary movement that rejected Romanticism and focused on depicting everyday life.
Who was Gustave Courbet?
A Realist painter known for The Stone Breakers, depicting laborers with unidealized realism.
What is Honoré de Balzac known for?
Being a French Realist novelist known for La Comédie Humaine, detailing social structures.
What did Charles Dickens expose in his novels?
The harsh realities of industrial society.
Define Naturalism in literature.
A literary movement influenced by Realism, emphasizing the impact of environment and heredity on individuals.
Who was Émile Zola?
A French Naturalist writer known for Germinal, depicting working-class struggles.
What did photography revolutionize?
Visual culture in the 19th century.
What is Impressionism?
An art movement emphasizing light, color, and perception.
Who is Claude Monet?
An Impressionist painter known for Water Lilies and Impression, Sunrise.
Who is Pierre-Auguste Renoir?
A French Impressionist painter known for his focus on leisure and light.
What is Edgar Degas known for?
Depictions of dancers and modern urban life.
What is Post-Impressionism?
A movement extending Impressionism, focusing on structure, emotion, and abstraction.
Who is Vincent van Gogh?
A Post-Impressionist painter known for Starry Night and expressive brushwork.
Who is Paul Cézanne?
A Post-Impressionist artist whose work influenced Cubism with its geometric forms.
What is Pointillism?
A painting technique developed by Georges Seurat, seen in A Sunday on La Grande Jatte.
Who was Friedrich Nietzsche?
A philosopher who challenged traditional morality and declared ‘God is dead’.
Who developed psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
What is the Subconscious according to Freud?
Hidden desires and thoughts influencing behavior.
What does the Rise of Mass Media refer to?
The expansion of newspapers, photography, and advertising during industrialization.
What is Art Nouveau?
A decorative art movement featuring organic forms and flowing lines.
Who is Gustav Klimt?
An Art Nouveau painter known for The Kiss and ornate, symbolic works.
What does Symbolism emphasize?
Mysticism and imagination over realism.
What is Modernism?
A movement rejecting traditional forms in art, literature, and thought in favor of innovation.
Who co-founded Cubism?
Pablo Picasso
What is Cubism?
An art movement breaking down objects into geometric shapes.
What does the Eiffel Tower symbolize?
Industrial progress and modernity.
Who were the Wright Brothers?
Inventors of the first successful powered airplane in 1903.
What was the Russian Revolution (1917)?
A political revolution that led to the fall of the Russian monarchy and rise of Communism.
What was the Great War?
A global conflict (1914-1918) fueled by nationalism, imperialism, and new industrial warfare.
What did industrialization lead to according to the concept of Continuity & Change?
Reshaped economies, societies, and cultures, leading to both progress and social struggles.
