Chapter 10 Flashcards
What was the Counter-Reformation?
The Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation, focusing on reform and reaffirmation of doctrine.
What was the purpose of the Council of Trent (1545-1563)?
Clarified doctrine, reformed corruption, and reinforced traditional practices.
Who founded the Jesuits?
Ignatius of Loyola.
What is the primary focus of the Jesuits?
To spread Catholicism through education and missionary work.
What was the Inquisition?
A Church-led effort to root out heresy, particularly in Spain and Italy.
What does the Index of Prohibited Books refer to?
A list of books banned by the Catholic Church for containing heretical or anti-Christian ideas.
Define Baroque Art.
An artistic style characterized by grandeur, drama, movement, and contrast, often used to promote Catholicism.
Who is Gian Lorenzo Bernini?
A leading Baroque sculptor and architect known for The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa and the Baldacchino in St. Peter’s Basilica.
What is Caravaggio known for?
Dramatic lighting and realism in works like The Calling of St. Matthew.
What painting technique did Caravaggio popularize?
Tenebrism.
List characteristics of Peter Paul Rubens’ work.
Dynamic compositions
Rich color
Sensuous figures
Who was Diego Velázquez?
A Spanish Baroque painter known for Las Meninas and portraits of the Spanish royal family.
What is the Dutch Golden Age?
A period of economic and cultural flourishing in the Netherlands, marked by achievements in trade, science, and art.
What is Rembrandt van Rijn known for?
His use of light and psychological depth in portraits.
What is Johannes Vermeer famous for?
Intimate, light-filled interiors, such as Girl with a Pearl Earring.
What characterizes the Baroque in Music?
Complex, expressive music featuring composers like Bach, Handel, and Vivaldi.
Who is Johann Sebastian Bach?
A German Baroque composer known for The Brandenburg Concertos and The Well-Tempered Clavier.
What is George Frideric Handel best known for?
Messiah, an oratorio featuring the ‘Hallelujah’ chorus.
What is Antonio Vivaldi known for?
The Four Seasons.
Describe the Baroque in Architecture.
A style emphasizing grandiosity, ornate decoration, and dramatic spatial effects.
What does the Hall of Mirrors symbolize?
French grandeur and political dominance.
Define Absolutism.
A political system in which rulers hold total power.
Who was Louis XIV?
The ‘Sun King’ of France, known for his absolute rule and patronage of the arts.
What is the Divine Right of Kings?
The belief that monarchs derive their authority directly from God.
What was the English Civil War?
A conflict between the monarchy and Parliament, leading to the temporary overthrow of the monarchy.
Who was Oliver Cromwell?
A military leader who ruled England as Lord Protector after the execution of Charles I.
What was the Glorious Revolution (1688)?
The peaceful overthrow of James II, leading to constitutional monarchy in England.
What characterizes the Baroque in Literature?
Elaborate metaphors, emotional intensity, and ornate language.
Who is John Milton?
An English poet known for Paradise Lost, an epic about the fall of Satan and humanity.
What did Molière satirize?
Social norms in works like Tartuffe.
What is emphasized in Baroque Theatre?
Spectacle, music, and elaborate stage designs.
What is the Comédie-Française?
The state theater of France, established under Louis XIV.
What is Baroque Opera?
A musical drama combining singing, acting, and elaborate staging, popular in Italy and France.
Who is Claudio Monteverdi?
A composer who helped develop opera, known for Orfeo.
What did Jean-Baptiste Lully create?
French Baroque opera for the court of Louis XIV.
What characterizes the Baroque in Latin America?
A fusion of European and indigenous artistic styles seen in churches and religious art.
What were the Jesuit Missions in South America?
Efforts by Jesuits to convert indigenous people, often through Baroque art and music.
What was the Scientific Revolution?
A period of major advancements in science that challenged traditional beliefs and laid the foundation for modern science.
Who is René Descartes?
A philosopher and mathematician who developed analytical geometry and the phrase ‘Cogito, ergo sum’.
What is Blaise Pascal known for?
Contributions to probability theory and defending Christianity in Pensées.
What did Isaac Newton formulate?
The laws of motion and universal gravitation.
Define the Age of Reason.
An intellectual movement emphasizing logic, evidence, and skepticism of religious and political authority.
What is a key difference between Baroque and Renaissance art?
Renaissance emphasized balance and harmony; Baroque focused on emotion, movement, and grandeur.
How did Baroque art and thought influence later movements?
It influenced later artistic movements, politics, and Enlightenment ideals.
