Non-enteric Part 4

Question 1

Genus Moraxella

Answer 1

Found as commensals on conjuctiva or nasopharynx
Genus derived from Dr. Victor Morax

Question 2

What are the 2 Moraxella species of veterinary importance?

Answer 2

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (pink eye)- M. bovis
Ovine keratoconjunctivtis- M. ovis

Question 3

M. Bovis

Answer 3

Trauma to cornea by flies, dust, UV light, projectiles on hay feeders and long grasses and pastures
Young animals <2 yrs of age affected

Question 4

New Forest Disease (Pink eye)

Answer 4

Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK)
Losses of 150 mill USD/ yr
Increased during summer due to flies

Question 5

What are the clinical signs of new forest disease?

Answer 5

Lacrimation, blepharospam, reddness of eye, epiphora, corneal opacity, ulcer
Worst case: corneal rupture

Question 6

Pathology of Moraxellae

Answer 6

Corneal damage –> attachment of Moraxellae via pili –> destruction of corneal and conjuctival cells by cytotoxin –> inflammation

Question 7

Moraxellae is sensitive to __________

Answer 7

Tetracycline

Question 8

Characteristics of moraxellae

Answer 8

Gram- neg, plump short rods, diplobacilli (pairs)
Don’t grow on MacConk or anaerobically
Hemolytic blood agar

Question 9

What diseases does Genus Burkholderia cause?

Answer 9

Glanders (burkholderia mallei)
Pseudoglanders/ meliodosis (burkholderia pseudomallei)

Question 10

What are the burkholderia diseases classified as?

Answer 10

Category B agents because few organisms are necessary to cause disease and aerosol infection can occur

Question 11

Burkholderi mallei (Glanders)

Answer 11

Gram-neg, aerobic rod, pleomorphic, non-motile
Grows with media containing glycerol or blood
Unable to survive in nature (2 weeks max)

Question 12

Burkholderi mallei is a biosafety _________

Answer 12

Level 3!!

Question 13

Glanders disease

Answer 13

Contagious disease of equines of upper and lower respiratory tract and skin (felines and humans too)
Acute (donkeys, mules) and cutaneous (horses)

Question 14

Acute form of Glanders disease

Answer 14

Swollen nostrils, lymphadenitis of neck and head, death
Gray to yellow nodules on upper resp. mucous membranes

Question 15

Cutaneous form of Glanders disease

Answer 15

“Farcy buds”–> skin abscesses and lymphadenopathy
Horses carriers for several years (infected for life)

Question 16

How does dogs and cats get Glanders?

Answer 16

Feed on infected meat and they get septicemic form of disease

Question 17

Where is Glanders disease found?

Answer 17

Mongolia, china, india, iraq, turkey, philipphines, central and south american, north africa

Question 18

Glanders in the US

Answer 18

Eradicated in 1940s –> foreign disease
Zoonotic
B. mallei can be weaponized

Question 19

Fatality rate of Glanders disease

Answer 19

95% in 3 weeks if untreated
50% with treatment

Question 20

B. pseudomallei (pseudoglanders, meliodosis, Whitmore’s disease)

Answer 20

Saprophyte, ubiquitous in soil and surface water
Affects a wide range of hosts
Causes chronic nodular or purulent inflammatory disease in ANY TISSUE

Question 21

T/F: Meliodosis is a highly fatal disease of humans and other animals

Answer 21

TRUE

Question 22

Where does B. pseudomellei have the highest prevalence?

Answer 22

SE Asia
Military dogs in Vietnam and soldiers

Question 23

Pseudoglanders/ Meliodosis/ Whitmore’s

Answer 23

Acquired through ingestion, wound infection, inhalation, arthropod bites
Easily killed by disinfectants
Category B

Question 24

Why is treating burkholderia discouraged?

Answer 24

Sensitive to antibiotics BUT they’re intracellular bacteria and can causes abscessation within internal organs

Question 25

B. pseudomallei characteristics

Answer 25

Gram neg rods with bipolar staining, resemble safety pins
Grows well in MacConkey
Ashbrown medium –> sour earthy odor

Question 26

What are the official test of Glanders for horses imported into the US?

Answer 26

Complement fixation test

Question 27

What is Mellein test and how does it work, how is a positive reaction characterized?

Answer 27

Skin test –> glycoprotein extract of the organism (glanders) injected intrapelvicorally into the suspected horse
Positive: excessive lacrimation, hypersensitivity, swelling of eyelid, systemic infection

Question 28

/What is Strauss reaction? When is it used?

Answer 28

Take infectious material and inject intraperitonially into GPs

Question 29

Genus Tylorella produces _____________

Answer 29

Taylorella equigenitalis

Question 30

Taylorella equigenitalis

Answer 30

Gram-neg, coccobacillus facultative, non-motile
Cultures grown on Eugon chocolate agar
Causitive agent of contagious equine metritis (CEM)

Question 31

Contagious equine metritis (CEM)

Answer 31

Reportable
Affects uterus of mares
Causes endometritis, temporary infertility, longtime carriers

Question 32

Stallions infected with CEM

Answer 32

Don’t develop clinical signs but harbor agent in prepuce and urethral fossa
Transmit bacterium

Question 33

CEM was first identified _______

Answer 33

1977 in the UK

Question 34

CEM in the US

Answer 34

1978- Kentucky
2008- Kentucky (quarter horse)
2013- south central CA

Question 35

Treatment of CEM

Answer 35

Cleaning clitoral fossa with 4% chlorhexidine then 0.2% nitrofurazone ointment for 5 days (kills normal flora)