Curved and Spiral Bacteria (Spirochetes) Flashcards

1
Q

Morphology of Spirochetes

A

Tightly coiled mini springs
Endoflagella
Corkscrew motility
Gram neg but stains poorly

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2
Q

How do you detect spirochetes?

A

Impression smears
Dark-field microscopy
Silver, carbol fuchsin, giemsa

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3
Q

Genus Borrelia transmission

A

Arthropod transmission –> ticks to skin for at least 48 hours and spread via CT

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4
Q

Where do most Borrelia cases occur?

A

Wisconsin and Minnesota (80% of ticks carry)

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5
Q

Which animals are most effected by Borrelia?

A

Canines –> horses, cattle and cats also
Only 5% of infected dogs show clinical signs

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6
Q

What’s the causative agents of Borreliosis (Lyme’s disease)?

A

B. Burhdorferi

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7
Q

Transmission cycle for B. burgdorferi

A

Deer or mice –> dogs and humans by bite of adults or nymphs of soft ticks of genus Ixodes

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8
Q

Clinical signs in dogs with Borreliosis

A

Develops 2-5 months after exposure
Fever, swollen LNs
Polyarthropathy (shift leg lameness)
Renal failure
CNS symptoms

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9
Q

Renal failure in dogs with Borreliosis

A

Protein losing glomerulopathy
Especially in Labs and goldens

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10
Q

How do you diagnose borrelia

A

Serologic tests for Abs
ELISA and IFA Abs
C6 Ab test
PCR and culture to identify organisms

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11
Q

ELISA and IFA Abs

A

Doesn’t differentiate between natural and vx infection
TIter increases within 4-6 weeks after exposure
+ = persist for years

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12
Q

C6 Ab test

A

Recommended by the CDC
Detects the outer surface of protein Borrelia
Early detection before CS development

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13
Q

PCR and culture

A

Best for skin biopsy from around tick bite

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14
Q

Treatment and prevention for Borrelia

A

Doxycycline orally for dogs with CS
VX dogs @ risk
Tick preventative: topical fipronil, permethrin or amitraz

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15
Q

Brachyspira

A

Intestine of pigs, wild rats and mice
B. hyodysenteriae (swine) and pilosicoli (swine, humans, primates, birds)
Uses Romanovsky’s stains

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16
Q

B. hyodysenteriae

A

Highly motile in GIT mucus (flagella)
Colonization of colonic crypts
Invades goblet cells of the colonic mucosa

17
Q

Symptoms of B. hyodysenteriae

A

Swine dysentery (acute bloody diarrhea)
Chronic emaciation
Weight loss

18
Q

What increases the severity of B. hyodysenteriae?

A

Low in fiber and high in highly fermentable carbs

19
Q

Dysentery in swine

A

Cannot be produced in gnotobiotic (germ free animals) pigs
Older animals more susceptible

20
Q

B. hyodysenteriae diagnosis

A

Deep mucosal scrapping
Large intestine from dead pig
Rectal swabs and feces from affected pig

21
Q

Genus Lawsonia (Lawsonia intracellularis species)

A

Gram-neg, curved rods
Motile with darting motion (single flagella)
Intracellular pathogen in pigs and hamsters
Cultivation requires eukaryotic cells

22
Q

Where is the chronic form of Lawsonia intracellularis found?

A

Common on traditional, single-site farrow-to-finish farms (spreads easily)

23
Q

Lawsonia intracellularis is an etiologic agent of ______

A

Intestinal hyperplastic called Proliferative Enteropathy

24
Q

Proliferative Enteropathy

A

Horses, pigs, hamsters
Porcine proliferative enteritis, ileitis, intesinal adenomatosis, garden-hose gut

25
Proliferative Enteropathy pathogenesis
Intracellular pathogen spread by comingling animals of different ages or sub-clinically infected sows
26
4 forms of Proliferative Enteropathy
1. Proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy (older naive animals) 2. Porcine intestinal adenomatosis 3. Necrotic enteritis 4. Regional ileitis (recovery stage of NE)
27
Proliferative Enteropathy acute infection in pigs
Older, naive (4-12 months) Intestinal hemorrhage, sudden death, pale carcass, petechial hemorrhage of intestinal mucosa
28
Proliferative Enteropathy chronic infection in pigs
Manifests due to stress (1-3 weeks post weaning) Lasts 1-3 weeks with mild enteritis (lasts 10-12 weeks)
29
Proliferative Enteropathy subclinical infection in pigs
manifests with animals showing poor growth
30
Proliferative Enteropathy in equine
Affects weanling foals (3-6 months) Stress induced Dullness, fever, weight loss, colic, diarrhea, hypoproteinemia Leukocytosis, mild anemia
31
Lawsonia intracellularis pathogenesis
1. Infection of tonsils, LN (macrophages) 2. Migration to GIT (enterocytes) 3. Hyperplasia 4. Crypts long and branched 5. Increased neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes 6. Decreased goblet cells
32
Epidemiology of Lawsonia intracellularis
Fecal matter from infected pigs (source) Not K+ peroxy monosulphate, Na+ hypochlorite, penolics, H2O2, peracetic acid
33
Diagnosis of Lawsonia intracellularis
Herd history + clinical signs Gross + microscopic lesions Fecal PCR + serology Abdominal ultrasound in equine
34
Control and treatment of Lawsonia intracellularis
All in all out Modified life vaccine Use Chlortetracycline, lincomycin-spectinomycin, tylosin, tiamulin
35
Treatment for equine proliferative enteropathy
Fluid and electrocyte therapy Erythromycin, azithromycin, rifampin